T&O (Lower) Flashcards
Describe the three stages of Degenerative Disc Disease
Dysfunction - outer annular tears, cartilage destruction
Instabiity - Sublaxation & Spondylolisthesis
Restabilisation - Osteophytes and canal stenosis
State the three types of intracapsular fracture
Subcapital
Transcervical
Basocervical
State the two types of extracapsular fracture
Intertrochanteric
Subtrochanteric
Describe the blood supply of the Neck of Femur
Retrograde flow primarily through medial circumflex
branch of femoral artery
Very minor supply through ligamentum arteriosum (running through ligamentum teres in head of femur)
Minor supply through intramedullary vessels
Describe the Garden Classification of Intracapsular #NOF
I - Incomplete Fracture
II - Complete Fracture
III - Partial Displacement
IV - Complete Displacement
Give 3 clinical features of #NOF
Pain
Inability to weight bear
Shortened and Externally Rotated
What X-Ray planes are needed for suspected #NOF?
AP and Lateral of Hip
AP of Pelvis
How would you surgically manage a non displaced intracapsular #NOF
IE Garden Classification I or II
Cannulated Hip Screw
Very dependent on blood supply interruption
How would you surgically manage a displaced intracapsular #NOF
Low Activity level pre fracture - HemiArthroplasty (ideally cemented)
Active Individual - Total Hip Replacement
How would you surgically manage an extracapsular #NOF
Intertrochanteric - Dynamic Hip Screw
Subtrochanteric - IM Femoral Nail
Describe how OA of the Hip would present on examination
- Passive movement is painful
- If severe ROM is reduced
- At end stage the patient may have a fixed flxeion deformity and may walk with a Trendelenberg Gait
How is OA of the Hip classified?
WOMAC classification (based on pain stiffness and function)
The definitive management for OA of the Hip is a hip replacement. Describe the three approaches.
- Posterior Approach (most common, quick recovery as abductors intact, may damage sciatic nerve)
- Anterolateral Approach (Abductor mechanisms are detached, allowing excess abduction and exposure of acetablum, risk of superior gluteal nerve damage)
- Anterior Approach
Describe the blood supply of the femur
Highly vascularised due to it’s role in Haemopoiesis
Supplied by penetrating branches of profunda femoris
How might a Femoral Shaft fracture present
Pain and Inability to weight bear
May have obvious deformity (proximal segment flexed and externally rotated)
Give three risk factors for Femoral Shaft Fractures
Bisphosphonate
Metastatic Deposits
High Energy Trauma
How are Femoral Shaft Fractures classified?
Winquist and Hansen Classification (0-4 with increasing communition)
What two managements would you carry out for an OPen Fracture
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
Tetanus Injection
How would you immobolise a Femoral Shaft Fracture?
Potentially traction splinting is required if it is an isolated fracture due to strong force of the quads
Describe the surgical management of a Femoral Shaft Fracture
IM Nail (usually anterograde although if other lower limb fractures may use retrograde) Ex-Fix (if open fracture or polytrauma)
Describe the aetiology of an ACL tear
Aims to prevent anterior movement of tibia on fibula
Caused by sudden twisting on weight bearing knee
Give three presenting features of an ACL tear
Rapid Joint Swelling (as ligament is highly vascular)
Significant Pain
Leg may feel like it’s giving way
Give 3 investigations of a suspected ACL tear
MRI
X-Ray (rule out bony injuries)
Lachmans Test (pulling tibia forward when leg is bent at a 30 degree angle)
Describe the management of an ACL tear
RICE
Rehab and Strength training
Surgical (uses tendon as a graft)
Describe two mechanisms of PCL tear
- Direct blow to proximal tibia
- Fall with hyperflexion of the knee and plantar flexed foot
How does a PCL tear present?
Immediate pain and joint instability
MCL tears are the most commonly injured ligament of the knee. What is its normal role?
Acts as a valgus stabiliser of the knee
How is the MCL normally torn?
When external force is applied to the lateral knee
How does an MCL tear present clinically?
Pain at joint line following trauma to lateral knee
Swelling may occur a few hours later
May be able to weight bear
Can be graded I-III
Give two investigations for MCL tear
MRI
Valgus Stress Test (Grade II - lax in 30 degree flexion but not in extension, Grade III - Lax in flexion and extension)
How would you manage MCL tears?
Grade I - RICE and Strength Training
Grade II - Knee Brace and Strength Training
Grade III - Knee brace and consider of surgical repair
The Menisci of the Knee are two C shaped fibrocartilages resting on the tibial plateau. State two of their roles
- Shock absorbers
- Increasing articular surface area
Meniscal Tears are often caused by twisting on a weight bearing knee. State the four types of tear.
- Bucket Handle (longitudinal where medial becomes separated from lateral)
- Vertical (longitudinal with no separation)
- Transverse (Parrot Beak)
- Degenerative
Give three clinical features of Meniscal Tears
- Tearing sensation associated with sudden pain
- Swelling over 6-12 hrs
- Part of it may be trapped in the joint giving the feature of knee locking
Surgery is generally only required for Meniscal Tears greater than 1cm. Describe the two arthroscopic managements
If outer 1/3 - rich vascular supply allows for healing via sutures
If inner 1/3 - trimmed
Give three risks of Arthroscopic Meniscal Repairs
DVT
Saphenous Nerve/Vein Damage
Peroneal Nerve Damage
What region of the Tibial Plateau is more damaged in a Tibial Plateau fracture?
Normally the lateral Tibial Plateau resulting in a varus deformity
What would an X-Ray of a Tibial Plateau fracture show?
Lipohaemarthroses
How are Tibial Plaeau Fractures classified?
Schatzker Classification (from I-VI)
How are Tibial Plateau Fractures managed?
Conservative - Hinged knee brace, minimal weight bearing, physio
Surgical - ORIF or Ex-Fix
What is the IT band?
Longitudinal fibres from shared aponeuroses of TFL and Gluteus Maximus
Iliac Tubercle to the Anterolateral Tibial Tubercle
What is IT Band Syndrome?
The most common cause of lateral knee pain in athletes
Inflammation from repeated flexion and extension of the knee causing impringement against lateral femoral condyle