T Flashcards
Chemical testing
Serological rabbit serum with anti human antibody with othe serum to work out similarity
Phylogeny gorilla chimp human
Amino acid cellular respiration sense of evolutionary framework
DNa base code change same protein diff dna cause set has diff agg agt agc
Hybridisation - compares DNS by heating
Karyoptype - compares chromosomes
Position on centimetre and banding
Regulatory genes epithillaril cells muscle nerve
Mitochondrial DNa traces direct genetic lines had not under gone recombination
Evidence
Palaeontology fossils radioactive dating decomp soft body svavengers
Trace impression
Georgrsphical distribution baobab trees Africa Madagascar Australia
Supports plate tectonics
Comparative anatomy
Bird whale cat human deals with sim and diff in structures homo diverge above ana converge squirrel glider and vest human horse diverge
Comparative embryology
Same when embryo bunny cow pig human
Chemical evidence observe phenotypes then genotype a unravel DNa
Theories
Lamarck evolution occurs by transmission of acquired characteristics brought about by use or disuse
Darwin
Variations best adapted to environment will survive and produce offspring because favoured
Natural selection revsacd
Reproduction Excess potential offspring Variation Selection Adapt over time Chance effects Divergence and speciation
Variation
Mutation random error in generic blue print chromosomes DNS change
Low doesn’t change much
Sexual reproduction
Recom during meiosis
Asexual no variation ie violets
Gene flow
Immigrants emigrants genetic exchange
Selection eg key factor in achieving genetic equil
Chemical control sheep blowfly 1955 dieldrin 12 2 2 ecpenxice
Finches beaks selected to help eat
Gene pool
Subtotal of all alleles of individuals
Population
Evolution is change of allele frequency
No chane genetic equil
Change peppered moths
Hardy
Pop large
No mutations
No migration
Random repro
No selection pressure all not met hence micro evolution
Biological species
Group of organisms that interbred and isolate from other organisms
How species recognised
Morphology size shape appearance
2 types population
Continuous distrib
Fragmented
Gene flow
Migration gain loss of alleles
Small pop at risk
Large pop not Change
Genetic drift
Some can’t reproduce won’t pass on genes
Why pop small
Seasonal climate change
Disease heavy prediction
Catostropy
Cheetahs ice age Led to sperm abnormal Decreced find fecundity High cub mortality Sensity to disease
Founder
Isolated indiv non represent ice from parent pop evolve in different direction from parent pop
Small pop = subject to effects of random genetic drift
Founder migrates will have
Limited mobility
Prevailing winds
Natural selection acts of phenotypes
Reducing non favourable increasing favourable
Changes gene pool composition
Assertive mating is bad cause decrease variation by
Mating neighbour
Choosing similar mate
Asexual - violets
Natural selection changes allele freq
This does not creat perfect organsi my
Ns direction of change stable
Depends on selection pressure favours common phenotype eg baby birthweight
Directional selectionsl
Favours one end of bell curve
Moths
Black bear size increased ice age decraed interglacial a
Diruptive
Eliminates midle of curve
African swallowtail butterfiked
Artificial selection
Humans chose is dog breeds
Advantage heterozygous
Sickle cell malaria Africa Aust
Fossil eg
Fish at Gogo in wa limestone inland sea
How old is fossil
Radio metric uranium to lead
Igneous rock 200 million
Radiocarbon to nitrogen 5568 years limited to 50000 years cause loss of carbon
Divergent homologous eg
Galapagos island finches
Phylog tree depends on
Morphical
Physical
Molecular
Cultural evolution
Language
Way to write
Speciation
New species via natural selection
Biological fitness
Measured by amount of fertile offspring in next generation
Relative fitness
Environmental and natural selection
Eg replica plating
Gene flow eg
Duffy blood group
Genetic drift
Is change of allele freq via isolation and creating new colony
Genetic drift eg
Parma valley Italy
Genetic processes
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Explains why pop changes
Speciation
1 divergent evolution
2 reproduction isolation
1 barrier splits and diverges
2 drifts small section - founder
Geographic isolation eg
Tasmanian devil in Miocene period
Genetic diversity = reproduction isolation
I
Barriers to gene flow
Mechanical isolation structures don’t mate
Behavioural frogs have different mating calls
Elogical differ location
Human intervention eg
Australian blowfly sheep
Human intervention
Clearing habitats
Hunting
Over exploitation
Domestication
Resistance depends on
No in pop
Generation time
Variation in pop
Technology
Gene manipulation
Variation occurs by
Genes and environment but only gebes pass on
According to the natural selection theory of evolution all living organism diverged from a common origin dating back to 4 million years ago
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