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Biology Term 2 2024 > Systems of the Body Revision > Flashcards

Systems of the Body Revision Flashcards

This is about the systems of the body and general stuff that has something to do with the body. This includes: - The circulation system, structure and processes - The excretory system, structure and processes - The digestive system, structure and processes - Major nutrients in the body - Fore-gut and Hind-gut fermentation

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1
Q

Major nutrients of the body?

A

The major nutrients of the body are carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamin, minerals, water.

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2
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the science of how organisms obtain energy, build tissue and control body functions using materials supplied that are eaten or made.

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3
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Nutrients are chemical substances needed by organisms.

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4
Q

What are the main 7 nutrients?

A

Fats, carbohydrates, protein, fibre, vitamins, minerals and water

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5
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process by which food is broken up physically and converted in to a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation.

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6
Q

What is assimilation?

A

Assimilation is the process of absorbing nutrients during digestion and distributing them to the body for growth and repair.

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7
Q

What is the first part of the digestive tract?

A

The mouth.

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8
Q

How does the mouth start the digesting process/breakdown food?

A

Includes both physical action (chewing) and chemical action (saliva), to begin the process of breaking food into smaller pieces.

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9
Q

Where does the food go after the mouth?

A

The chewed up saliva soaked food then gets passed down to the oesophagus.

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10
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wave like contractions of the oesophagus that move food along the digestive tract.

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11
Q

After the oesophagus, where does the food go?

A

It goes to the stomach.

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12
Q

What is the stomach responsible for?

A

The stomach is responsible for the majority of the physical and chemical breakdown of the food.

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13
Q

How does the stomach break down food?

A

The stomach breaks down the food either physically or chemically, through churning, grinding, gastric acid and enzymes.

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14
Q

What does hydrochloric acid and gastric lipase do in the stomach?

A

Hydrochloric acid breaks down the proteins into peptides and gastric lipase breaks fats in to fatty acids and glycerol.

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15
Q

What does the food turn into in the stomach?

A

It turns into semi-fluid chyme.

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16
Q

After the stomach, where does the chyme go?

A

The chyme then goes to the small intestine.

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17
Q

What are the different sections within the small intestine?

A

The sections within the small intestine are the duodenum (the first part), jejunum (middle part) and ileum (last part).

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18
Q

What happens in the duodenum?

A

In the duodenum, small amounts of chyme from the stomach are released.

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19
Q

How does the duodenum finish digestion?

A

Enzymes from the intestines, pancreas and bile from the liver work in the duodenum to finish digestion.

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20
Q

What do the enzymes do to the chyme in the duodenum?

A

A secretion that contains bicarbonate ions make the chyme alkaline, bile from the gallbladder emulsifies fats and oils. Pancreatic enzymes digest the fats and carbohydrates.

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21
Q

Where does the absorption of nutrients take place?

A

Absorption occurs in the jejunum and ileum.

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22
Q

How does the small intestine absorb nutrients?

A

The nutrients get absorbed by the villi that line the intestine. There a villus which is one villi and on the villus there are microvilli

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23
Q

Where does most of the absorption happen?

A

The jejunum.

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24
Q

How do the villi increase rate of diffusion?

A

Surface area with the amount of them as well as the minivilli. The walls are one cell thick, easier diffusion.

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25
Q

How do the villi absorb nutrients?

A

The villi contain capillaries which absorb glucose and amino acids. They also contain lacteals which are apart of the lymphatic system which absorbs fats.

26
Q

After the duodenum where does the food then go?

A

It goes to the large intestine, which is the final part of the digestive system.

27
Q

What is the colon and what does it do?

A

The colon serves as the majority of the large intestines. It absorbs the last of the salts and water.

28
Q

What is the last part and what does it double as?

A

The rectum and it double as a storage unit for faeces ready to be eliminated.

29
Q

What are the four valves of the heart in order?

A

Aortic valve(left ventricle to aorta, tricuspid valve (right atrium to right ventricle), pulmonary valve (right ventricle to pulmonary artery), mitral valve (left atrium to left ventricle).

30
Q

What is the order of the circulatory system starting from the left ventricle?

A

Left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, vein, vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle (cycle starts again).

31
Q

How does oxygen get to the alveoli?

A

Air (oxygen) enters through mouth or nose, pharynx, trachea, primary bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

32
Q

Pathway of excretory system?

A

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.

33
Q

Where does nutrients go?

A

The nutrients pass into the capillaries, then are dropped off to hungry cells.

34
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Where cells burn the nutrients for energy.

35
Q

What does the excretory system eliminate?

A

The excretory system eliminates metabolic wastes from the body, these including heat, carbon dioxide, ammonia and salts.

36
Q

What organs are involved in removing wastes in the body?

A

Bladder, kidneys, lungs, liver and skin.

37
Q

What do the kidneys do and what wastes are eliminated?

A

The kidneys filter the blood. Water, salts and urea are eliminated.

38
Q

What is urea?

A

The liver turns ammonia into urea by producing enzymes. Urea is less toxic.

39
Q

What is ammonia?

A

Ammonia is a waste product produced from the breakdown of protein.

40
Q

What is urine?

A

Urine is produced by the kidneys. It is urea dissolved in water with salts and additional wastes.

41
Q

How does urea travel to the kidneys?

A

The urea comes from the liver and is carried by the blood to the kidneys.

42
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

The kidneys filter out urea, salts and excess water by passing through millions of filtering tubes.

43
Q

What are the filtering tubes of the kidneys called?

A

Nephrons.

44
Q

How many litres of blood can the two kidneys filter in a day?

A

180 litres of blood.

45
Q

How does the blood get filtered?

A

The capillaries go in to the bowman’s capsule

45
Q
A
46
Q

What goes into the nephron?

A

The plasma

47
Q

Where does the rest of the blood go in the capillaries nephron?

A

The rest of the blood keeps moving through around the nephron and nutrients, minerals and water can reenter the capillary.

48
Q

What is the waste called that remain in the nephron?

A

Urine.

49
Q

What are the parts of the nephron?

A

It starts with the renal corpuscle, which connects to the Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tube, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tube, collecting duct.

50
Q

Which parts are vital and optional.

A

The proximal convoluted tube is vital and the distal convoluted tube and collecting duct are optional.

51
Q

After the kidneys where does the blood and urine go?

A

The blood leaves the kidneys and returns to the heart while the urine from the nephron then goes to the ureters.

52
Q

After the ureters, where does the urine go?

A

To the bladder, where it gets stored until released through the urethra.

53
Q

What wastes does the liver excrete?

A

Produces urea to be excreted, breaks down old red blood cells and poisons, metabolic wastes are excreted in to the bile.

54
Q

What wastes do the lungs excrete?

A

Carbon dioxide, water and heat from the circulatory system.

55
Q

What wastes does the skin excrete?

A

Urea, salts, water and heat. heat can be lost through sweat

56
Q

How do the lungs pull in air?

A

When the diaphragm contracts downwards, the ribs expand, creating a larger cavity. There is a drop in pressure causing lungs to fill the space and drawing in air.

57
Q

How do lungs push out air?

A

The diaphragm relaxes, relaxing in the ribs, causing cavity to expel air.

58
Q

What kind of breathing mechanism do humans and mammals have?

A

We have a suction pump mechanism.

59
Q
A

Biology Term 2 2024 (3 decks)

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