Systems of the Body - Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, and Digestive

Question 1

What are the main purposes of the muscular system?

Answer 1

1. Stabilize
2. Maintain Posture
3. Produce movement
4. Move substances within the body
5. Produce heat

Question 2

What are the four characteristics of muscle tissue?

Answer 2

excitability, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility

Question 3

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 3

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

Question 4

Name the proteins that attach to each other to produce the start of muscle contraction.

Answer 4

myosin and actin

Question 5

Myosin and actin are contained in the ______________

Answer 5

sarcomere - the smallest unit of the muscle

Question 6

A bundle of sarcomeres is a ______________________

Answer 6

myofibril

Question 7

A bundle of myofibrils is a ____________________

Answer 7

muscle fiber

Question 8

A bundle of muscle fibers is a ______________________

Answer 8

fascicle

Question 9

A bundle of fascicles is a _____________________

Answer 9

skeletal muscle

Question 10

What form of energy powers muscle contract?

Answer 10

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 11

Describe what happens during a muscle contraction.

Answer 11

The nervous system sends an action potential to the motor unit; the motor unit triggers the myosin and actin to latch onto each other, which ripples all the way up from sarcomere to fascicle. If the stimulus is strong enough, it triggers more motor units, which contract more of the total muscle.

Question 12

Which form of muscle contraction leads to movement?

Answer 12

Isotonic

Question 13

Which form of muscle contraction causes no movement?

Answer 13

isometric

Question 14

What’s the difference between an origin and an insertion of a muscle?

Answer 14

the origin doesn’t move; the insertion point does.

Question 15

What’s is the agonist of a movement?

Answer 15

the muscle that does the work

Question 16

What is the antagonist of a movement?

Answer 16

the muscle that opposes the agonist

Question 17

What are synergists?

Answer 17

Muscles that help the agonist

Question 18

Where are the hamstrings located?

Answer 18

posterior of the upper leg, opposite the quadriceps

Question 19

Where are the pectoralis major located?

Answer 19

the chest

Question 20

Where are the biceps and triceps located?

Answer 20

the upper arm

Question 21

Where are the latissismus dorsi located?

Answer 21

the back

Question 22

What are the deltoids?

Answer 22

The shoulder muscles

Question 23

What is the gastronemius?

Answer 23

the calf muscle

Question 24

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 24

the organs and glands that produce hormones and essential materials to regulate homeostasis

Question 25

What is homeostasis?

Answer 25

The maintenance of internal conditions that keep the organism alive (things like body temperature, heartbeat, breathing, etc)

Question 26

What is the type of gland that produces material on the outside/surface of the body?

Answer 26

exocrine glands (like sweat, saliva, and oil glands)

Question 27

Where do endocrine glands operate?

Answer 27

within the body

Question 28

What type of feedback loop is more common and tells the body to slow down or stop production of a hormone?

Answer 28

negative feedback loop

Question 29

What makes a steroid hormone different from a non-steroid hormone?

Answer 29

Steroids are fat-soluble so they can pass through hydrophobic cell membranes without help. Non steroid hormones are water-soluble so they need help passing through the hydrophobic cell membrane

Question 30

What do steroid hormones do?

Answer 30

They tell the DNA to order the cell to perform specific functions

Question 31

What do non-steroid hormones do?

Answer 31

They alter cell metabolism and activity

Question 32

What does the pancreas regulate?

Answer 32

insulin and glucagon; manages blood sugar levels

Question 33

What does the pituitary regulate?

Answer 33

HGH and 7 others; relays instructions to other glands

Question 34

What do the adrenals produce?

Answer 34

epinephrine and norepinephrine; control the body's stress response.

Question 35

What does the thyroid affect?

Answer 35

cellular and body metabolism

Question 36

What does the parathyroid affect?

Answer 36

calcium absorption by the bones and blood

Question 37

What hormones do the testes and ovaries primarily produce?

Answer 37

Ovaries produce estrogen | Testes produce testosterone

Question 38

What does the pineal gland control?

Answer 38

melatonin production; regulates our circadian rhythm (our day/night cycle)

Question 39

What are the functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 39

to deliver important nutrients around the body, to remove waste products from cells, to transport disease fighting cells

Question 40

What are the three main parts of the circulatory system?

Answer 40

blood, the heart, and blood vessels

Question 41

What are the four types of blood cells?

Answer 41

red, white, platlets, and plasma

Question 42

What is the quality of blood pumped through the right side of the heart?

Answer 42

It is deoxygenated.

Question 43

Where does deoxygenated blood get pumped to?

Answer 43

the lungs

Question 44

Which type of blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart and throughout the body?

Answer 44

arteries

Question 45

Which type of blood vessel has cell walls that are only 1 cell thick for easy gas exchange?

Answer 45

capillaries

Question 46

What are the two loops of the circulatory system called?

Answer 46

the pulmonary loop - brings blood from the heart to the lungs and back. The systemic loop - brings blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

Question 47

What are the purposes of the digestive system?

Answer 47

to break down food into smaller nutrients, to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream, and to expel waste

Question 48

What are the "big three" nutrients?

Answer 48

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 49

What do carbs, fats, and proteins get broken into during digestion?

Answer 49

carbs=sugars, fats=fatty acids, proteins=amino acids

Question 50

What are the two types of digestion?

Answer 50

mechanical and chemical

Question 51

The main instrument of mechanical digestion in the mouth are the ___________

Answer 51

teeth

Question 52

Which type of digestion is stomach acid responsible for?

Answer 52

chemical

Question 53

Which one prevents food from "going down the wrong pipe": the esophagus or the epiglottis?

Answer 53

the epiglottis

Question 54

Where does digested food travel to from the stomach in its liquid form?

Answer 54

the small intestine

Question 55

Which one absorbs nutrients: the small or large intestine?

Answer 55

the small intestine

Question 56

What does the rectum do?

Answer 56

compacts undigested food waste from the large intestine and expels it through the anus

Question 57

What is peristalsis?

Answer 57

the rippling contraction of the smooth muscle that makes up the esophagus, stomach, and intestines to push things through or break them apart.

Question 58

What is the purpose of the respiratory system?

Answer 58

To take oxygen into the bloodstream and expel carbon dioxide

Question 59

What is the process of breathing called scientifically?

Answer 59

ventilation

Question 60

Inhalation and exhalation cause a change in chest _______

Answer 60

volume; the ribcage and diaphragm move to provide or remove space for incoming air

Question 61

Which structure of the lungs is responsible for gas exchange?

Answer 61

alveoli

Question 62

Which two gases are swapped in the alveoli?

Answer 62

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 63

The trachea splits into which two structures?

Answer 63

bronchi and bronchioles

Question 64

What does the larynx do?

Answer 64

also known as the "voice box"; manipulates the path of exhaled air to produce pitch and tone.

Question 65

What type of blood vessel covered the surface of the alveoli?

Answer 65

capillaries