Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL > Systems Biology > Flashcards

Systems Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the eukaryotic chromosome?

A

A DNA strand with coding and non coding regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Turning on a gene to produce RNA and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does it mean to turn on a gene?

A

That the gene is being expressed because the DNA is unwound and can bind the necessary transcription factors and can be translated later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is protein expression?

A

The type and abundance of proteins in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most common type of RNA?

A

Noncoding RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are cis-regulatory elements?

A

These are elements on the same chromosome as the coding gene and help transcription occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Do all the cells in an organism have the same genome?

A

Yes, basically 99.5% of the genome is the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the central dogma of biology?

A

The process of going from the gene to flesh and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The process of altering chromatin structure to turn genes on or off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

When the DNA is tightly wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

When the DNA is loosely wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are histones?

A

These are proteins that DNA is wrapped around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

This is a set of 8 histones that are wound with DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A region of DNA with its corresponding proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A condensed structure of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is involved in post-transcriptional regulation?

A
  • Splicing
  • 5’ Cap
  • 3’ Poly A tail
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is splicing?

A

The process of using the spliceosome to remove the introns this makes the mature mRNA and can also help generate different types of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the 5’ Cap?

A

This is a sequence that is added to the 5’ tail to ensure that the mRNA is not degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the poly A tail?

A

A tail of A’s that are added to the 3’end to ensure that the RNA is translated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are there areas where there is less RNA expression and high protein production?

A

Yes, where the RNA is not degraded and is stabalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do different alleles generate different phenotypes?

A

The slight variation in the gene sequence leads to altered amino acid sequences generating different proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is differential regulation?

A

Turning on certain genes and leaving others off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is common between relatives and family members?

A

Common alleles and gene regulation which leads to similar protein expression and phenotype

24
Q

What is transdifferentiation?

A

Being able to change one tissue type into another

25
Q

What can transdifferentiation allow us to do?

A

Alter the gene expression of a cell type to get another cell and there would be no fear of transplant rejection if you were to reprogram the cell from the same organism

26
Q

What does an organisms’ phenotype depend on?

A

Cell number, type, and function

27
Q

How does the outside of the cell communicate with the inside of the cell?

A

Through a signal transduction pathway with a cascade of events

28
Q

What is genome sequencing?

A

Establishing the order of the genes and the nucleotide base pairs on a strand of DNA

29
Q

What can genome sequencing allow us to do?

A
  • Crime and investigation
  • Understand phenotypes
  • Prognosis of diseases
30
Q

What do you need to understand how life works?

A

You need to identify all the parts of the macromolecules in the cell or organism as well as their function and determine how they interact with one another

31
Q

What are system structures?

A

Identifying the components

32
Q

What are system dynamics?

A

How it changes with time or if it stays constant

33
Q

What are system controls?

A

Are the movements random how does it stop and start

34
Q

What is a systems design?

A

In what ways can this system be improved

35
Q

What is systems biology?

A

Exploring the components of an organism and how they all work together

36
Q

What is the systems biology approach?

A

To analyze all the components and their interactions at once

37
Q

What is a reductionist approach?

A

Analyzing all the components separately

38
Q

What are nodes?

A

These are proteins or genes

39
Q

What are the edges?

A

These are the binding and regulatory interactions

40
Q

What is the difference between the protein-protein interaction compared to the gene regulatory interaction?

A

Protein interactions have no directionality which means that in the diagram blue can interact with red and red can interact with blue but gene regulation is one way from the RNA it makes the proteins you can’t go from protein to RNA

41
Q

What is connectivity?

A

The number of interactions between the nodes

42
Q

What does high connectivity mean?

A

It’s an essential gene that is involved in many different pathways

43
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Proteins, RNA , lipids, metabolites, genes

44
Q

How do these different interactions give rise to a phenotype?

A

The signals pass into the cell through a cascade and lead to activation of a gene

45
Q

What parameters of mRNA/proteins change in the cell?

A
  1. Abundance (synthesis/degradation)
  2. Interactions (complex components)
  3. Activity (enzymes)
46
Q

What are perturbations?

A

Genetic mutations or changes from the environment

47
Q

What is a negative feedback loop?

A

Controls the amount of product made eventually turns it off

48
Q

What is a positive feedback loop?

A

It promotes the production of the product eventually turns it on

49
Q

What is redundancy?

A

If something breaks down is there a backup

50
Q

What are the structural stability elements?

A

DNA repair, checkpoints, and chaperones

51
Q

What is modularity?

A

Sub networks are physically or functionally insulated to prevent component failure

52
Q

How can you determine gene function?

A
  1. Perturb gene function
  2. Measure mRNA
  3. Measure protein abundance
  4. Predict protein structure
53
Q

What is reverse genetics?

A

Deleting every gene and study the phenotype

54
Q

What is genetic interaction mapping?

A

Creating double mutant combination and assays to determine lethality

55
Q

What is transcriptomics?

A

Determine the abundance of all RNA molecules

56
Q

What is proteomics?

A

Determine abundance and interactions of all proteins

57
Q

What is metabolomics?

A

Determine abundance of metabolites

BIOL (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions