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Year 9 Science > Systems > Flashcards

Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

the system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

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2
Q

Central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

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4
Q

Electrical impulses

A

nerve signals that pass rapidly from the receptors and along the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse

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6
Q

Synapse

A

the gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent

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7
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs

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8
Q

Endocrine glands

A

organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for transport to target organs.

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9
Q

Hormones

A

chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

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10
Q

Digestive

A

a complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

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11
Q

Respiratory

A

concerning the airways or breathing

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12
Q

Circulatory

A

the body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

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13
Q

Excretory system

A

the body system that removes waste substances from the body

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

the body system involving the lungs and associated structures, which take in air and supply the blood with oxygen to deliver to the body’s cells so they can carry out their essential functions; it also performs gas exchange to remove the waste gas carbon dioxide

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15
Q

Trachea

A

narrow tube from the mouth to the lungs through which air moves

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16
Q

Lungs

A

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

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17
Q

Bronchi

A

the narrow tubes through which air passes from the trachea to the smaller bronchioles and alveoli in the respiratory system. Singular-bronchus.

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18
Q

Bronchioles

A

small branching tubes in the lungs leading from the two larger bronchi to the alveoli

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19
Q

Alveoli

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs at the ends of the narrowest tubes. Oxygen moves from alveoli into the surrounding blood vessels, in exchange for carbon dioxide.

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20
Q

Capillaries

A

minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

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21
Q

Circulatory system

A

the body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

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22
Q

Digestive system

A

a complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

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24
Q

Oxygen

A

a gas in the air (and water) that animals need to breathe; made up of particles with two oxygen atoms. Plants produce oxygen as part of photosynthesis.

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25
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

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26
Q

Carbon dioxide

A

A gas in the air produced by respiration and used by plants as part of photosynthesis. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide

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27
Q

Arteries

A

hollow tubes (vessels) with thick walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts

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28
Q

Capillaries

A

minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

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29
Q

Veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. They have valves and thinner walls than arteries.

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30
Q

Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)

A

living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body. Oxygen is carried by the red pigment haemoglobin.

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31
Q

Haemoglobin

A

the red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen

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32
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

the vessel through which oxygenated blood travels from your lungs to the heart

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33
Q

Left atrium

A

upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart

34
Q

Heart

A

a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system so that oxygen and nutrients can be transported to the body’s cells and wastes can be transported away

35
Q

Left ventricle

A

lower left section of the heart, which pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

36
Q

Aorta

A

a large artery through which oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the left ventricle of your heart to your body

37
Q

Arterioles

A

vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the arteries to the capillaries

38
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

blood from which some oxygen has been removed

39
Q

Venules

A

small veins

40
Q

Vena cava

A

large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart

41
Q

Right atrium

A

upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters

42
Q

Right ventricle

A

lower right section of the heart, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

43
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

the vessel through which deoxygenated blood, carrying wastes from respiration, travels from the heart to the lungs

44
Q

Digestive system

A

a complex series of organs and glands that processes food in order to supply your body with the nutrients it needs to function effectively

45
Q

Excretory system

A

the body system that removes waste substances from the body

46
Q

Digestion

A

breakdown of food into a form that can be used by an animal. It includes both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.

47
Q

Enzymes

A

special chemicals that speed up reactions but are themselves not used up in the reaction

48
Q

Saliva

A

watery substance in the mouth that moistens food before swallowing

49
Q

Salivary glands

A

glands in the mouth that produce saliva

50
Q

Chemical digestion

A

the chemical reactions changing food into simpler substances that are absorbed into the bloodstream for use in other parts of the body

51
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

digestion that uses physical factors such as chewing with the teeth

52
Q

Bolus

A

round, chewed-up ball of food made in the mouth that makes swallowing easier

53
Q

Oesophagus

A

part of the digestive system composed of a tube connecting the mouth and pharynx with the stomach

54
Q

Peristalsis

A

the process of pushing food along the oesophagus or small intestine by the action of muscles

55
Q

Small intestine

A

the part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine, where much of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients takes place

56
Q

Absorption

A

the taking in of a substance, for example, from the intestine to the surrounding capillaries

57
Q

Villi

A

tiny finger-like projections from the wall of the intestine that maximise the surface area of the structure to increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Singular = villus.

58
Q

Colon

A

the part of the large intestine where a food mass passes from the small intestine, and where water and other remaining essential nutrients are absorbed into your body

59
Q

Vitamin D

A

a nutrient that regulates the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream and promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone, along with other functions

60
Q

Cellulose

A

a natural substance that keeps the cell walls of plants rigid

61
Q

Rectum

A

the final section of the digestive system, where waste food matter is stored as faeces before being excreted through the anus

62
Q

Anus

A

the final part of the digestive system, through which faeces are passed as waste

63
Q

Gall bladder

A

a small organ that stores and concentrates bile within the body

64
Q

Lipase

A

enzymes that break fats and oils down into fatty acids and glycerol

65
Q

Amylases

A

an enzyme in saliva that breaks starch down into sugar

66
Q

Protease

A

enzymes that break proteins down into amino acids

67
Q

Pancreas

A

a large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes

68
Q

Excretion

A

removal of wastes from the body

69
Q

Skin

A

external covering of an animal body

70
Q

Lungs

A

the organ for breathing air. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

71
Q

Liver

A

largest gland in the body. The liver secretes bile for digestion of fats, builds proteins from amino acids, breaks down many substances harmful to the body and has many other essential functions.

72
Q

Kidneys

A

body organs that filter the blood, removing urea and other wastes

73
Q

Nephrons

A

the filtration and excretory units of the kidney

74
Q

Bladder

A

sac that stores urine

75
Q

Ureters

A

tubes from each kidney that carry urine to the bladder

76
Q

Urine

A

yellowish liquid, produced in the kidneys. It is mostly water and contains waste products from the blood such as urea, ammonia and uric acid.

77
Q

Receptors

A

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

78
Q

Glucose

A

a simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar

79
Q

Cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

80
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate: a form of energy released during cellular respiration that provides cells with the energy needed to perform their functions

Year 9 Science (3 decks)

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