Systems Flashcards
Blood in mammals consist of:
- Serum
- Fibrinogen
- Platelets (0.01%)
- White blood cells (0.1%)
- Red blood cella (45%)
The structure and function of whats in blood?
Platelets, aids in clotting blood
Plasma, serum and fibrinogen, clot blood
Red blood cells, no nucleus, cytoplasm with haemoglobin, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells, has nucleus, colourless cytoplasm, defence against diseases
What’s the cycle of blood?
Deoxygenated blood- vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- pulmonary artery- lungs, turns oxygenated- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta
What does the liver do?
It sorts, stores and changed digested food, it removes fats and oils and sends them to fat deposits for storage, it turns protein into urea which travels in blood to kidneys for excretion.
What is your pulmonary artery?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
Name the chambers of the heart
Right atria, right ventricle, left atria and left ventricle
What’s the difference between the left and right side of the heart?
The left side is thicker and muscular because force is needed to push blood from the heart. The right side has deoxygenated blood flowing through while the left side has oxygenated blood flowing through.
What is diastolic pressure
It’s the blood pressure at its lowest from the heart relaxing
What is systolic pressure?
When your blood pressures goes up when the heart contracts.
What is the scientific name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
What’s the scientific name for white blood cells?
Leucocytes
What’s anemia?
Iron deficiency caused by the lack of red blood cells
What is your blood pressure?
Your blood pressure is the force with which blood flows through the arteries
What is the beating of the heart maintained by?
Your pace maker, located in the tight atrium.
What is your pulmonary vein?
It carries oxygenated blood from your lungs to your left atrium
Name and describe the structure and function on blood vessels
Arteries- thick, elastic, muscular walls, they carry blood away from the heart.
Veins- thin walls, carry blood to the heart, have valves so blood can’t flow backwards
Capillaries- very small, carry oxygen and nutrient to cells and removes waste
Which side of the heart transfers oxygenated blood
Left
What is varicose veins
It’s when blood drains backwards
What is your aorta?
It takes oxygenated blood from your left ventricle around your body, it’s the largest artery
What happens in capillaries?
Oxygen diffuses out of the blood and waste produced by cells diffuses into the blood stream
What is haemoglobin?
A pigment containing iron, gives a reddish colour. They carry oxygen around, if it carries oxygen it’s called oxyhaemoglobin
Blood in mammals consists of:
- Red blood cells (45%)
- White blood cells (0.1%)
- Platelets (0.01%)
- Serum
- Fibrinogen
Structure and function of whats in blood?
Platelets- aids in clotting blood
Red blood cells- no nucleus, cytoplasm with haemoglobin, carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
White blood cells- have nucleus, colourless cytoplasm, defence against diseases
Plasma, serum and fibrinogen- clot blood
What’s the name of enzymes in your saliva?
Amylase
What havens when enzymes overheat
They become denatured
What is bile?
Bile emulsifies fat so that lipase can break it down
What are enzymes
They are catalyses, they speed up the digestive process through chemical reactions.
Whats and insectivore
Carnivores that only eat insects, teeth are small and pointed
What’s an omnivore?
Eat meat and plants, have all teeth types
What are the 5 process in supplying nutrients to your cells?
- Ingestion
- Mechanical digestion
- Chemical digestion
- Absorption
- Assimilation
What’s mechanical digestion
The physical break down of food into smaller pieces, mainly teeth
What’s chemical digestion
When your body reacts with foods, the reaction changes food substances into simpler chemicals so they are easily absorbed into your blood
What are the 4 main types of teeth
Incisors- act like scissors, bite and cut
Canines- fang like, rip and tear
Molars- used for grinding and crushing
Premolars
What’s a herbivore
Eats plants,
What’s a carnivore
Eat meat
What is the substance that enzymes are breaking down
Substrate
What is the name given to the resulting substance
Product
What’s the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates? What is is broken down into?
Amylases, broken down into glucose
What’s the enzyme that breaks down fats and oils? What is id broken down to?
Lipases, broken into glycerol and fatty acids
What’s the enzyme that breaks down protein? What are they broken down to?
Proteases, broke down into amino acids
What is bile, where is it made and stored
Bile is made in your liver and stored in your gall bladder. Half of a bile molecule is attracted to water and the other half is attracted to lipids, it separates the lipids so Lipase enzymes can do their job
When bile is used to break down lipase’s, what process is used
Mechanical and chemical digestion
Name your main digestive highway? What is it?
Alimentary canal, a long tube with coils, large caverns and thin passageways. It begins in the mouth and ends at the anus
In the oesophagus what is food forced down by?
Peristalsis- a wave of involuntary muscular contractions
What’s a small intestine?
A 6m tube, food moves through it by peristalsis, it makes enzymes that completes the process, the digested food is absorbed into your blood stream
What’s a gall bladder?
Bile is stored here
What’s a stomach?
A food storage
What’s a pancreas?
It makes pancreatic juices which neutralises the stomach acid. Enzymes are made here
What’s a large intestine
Undigested materials pass through the large intestines. The materials are pushed by peristalsis, water, sat, vitamins and remaining sugars are absorbed
What’s an appendix?
It fights diseases
What’s a rectum?
What’s an anus?
A rectum is the final part of the large intestine, faeces are stored here.
The anus is where the farces pass through to exit your body.
What’s a liver?
The largest internal organ, it makes bile, controls blood sugar, destroys poison and stores vitamin a and b and iron
What is found in blood and urine?
Blood has 92% water, urine has 95% water. Blood has 7% of proteins and urine had 0%. Blood has 0.1% glucose and urine 0% glucose. Blood has 0.37% salt and urine has 0.6% salt. Blood has 0.03% urea and urine has 2% urea
What’s haemodialysis?
People with kidney disease may not be able to get rid of waste. They get linked up to a machine that does it for them. There blood goes through a tube
What are the main organs involved in human excretion?
- Lungs
- Liver
- Kidney
Where is urine produced?
How does it get from your kidneys to you bladder?
When does urination occurs?
In your kidneys, through your tubes called ureters, urination occurs when urine moves from your bladder through a tube called urethra and out your body.
What’s excretion?
Any process that gets rid of unwanted products or waste
What’s your vital capacity?
It’s the larges volume of air you can breath in and out at one time
What’s a diaphragm and what does it do?
It’s the movement of muscle, it helps the lungs suck in and out. It tightens to allow the lungs to expand (breathing in) it relaxes waking the lungs smaller( breathing our)
When you breath what goes in and what comes out?
You breath in 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, 1% water vapour, 78% nitrogen. You breath out 14% oxygen, 4% carbon dioxide, 5% water vapour, 76% nitrogen.
After entering your body, where does air go?
In to a narrow tube called the trachea, at the top of the tube is a flap of tissue called the epiglottis, this flap stops food from going to the lungs.
The trachea then divides into 2 narrower tubes called the bronchi. Where do the tubes go?
They go into the lungs, inside the lungs each tubes divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles
What happens in the alveoli?
The exchange of gasses takes place here. Some oxygen moves through the alveoli into narrow capillaries, from there it goes into red blood cells. Carbon dioxide takes the opposite journey.
What’s at the end of a bronchioles branch
Thousands of air sacs called alveoli
List 2 types of muscles?
When your bicep contracts what happens?
When your triceps contract what happens?
- Involuntary muscles, work without thinking.
- Voluntary muscles, choose to use them.
When biceps contracts, arm bends upwards, when triceps contract your arm straightens
What are muscles?
What are tendons?
Muscles are tough, elastic fibres connected to bones of your skeleton by bundles of tough fibres called tendons.
Name and explain and give an example of the 4 types of joints
- Pivot joints, skull and spine, allows a twisty motion.
- Hinge joints, knees and elbow, allow movement in 1 direction
- Ball and socket joints, hip and shoulder, allow movement in many directions
- Immovable joints, plates of skull, thin layer of tissues
When bones change from cartilage to bones
Ossification
What minerals do bones need to remain hard
Calcium and phosphorus
The region where bones meet?
What’s the name of strong fibres that hold your bones together
Joint.
Ligaments
What are muscles?
What are tendons?
Muscles are tough, elastic fibres connected to bones of your skeleton by bundles of tough fibres called tendons.
Name and explain and give an example of the 4 types of joints
- Pivot joints, skull and spine, allows a twisty motion.
- Hinge joints, knees and elbow, allow movement in 1 direction
- Ball and socket joints, hip and shoulder, allow movement in many directions
- Immovable joints, plates of skull, thin layer of tissues
When bones change from cartilage to bones
Ossification
What minerals do bones need to remain hard
Calcium and phosphorus
The region where bones meet?
What’s the name of strong fibres that hold your bones together
Joint.
Ligaments
