Systems Flashcards
It is brownish-black and absorbs potentially damaging radiation
Melanin
It produces melanin
Melanocytes
It prevents the entry of foreign substances
Integument
Keeps body fluids inside and protects it from desiccation
Integument
Has a delicate cellular membrane
Amoeba (unicellular protozoans)
Has a firm elastic membrane
Paramecium (unicellular protozoans)
It is a firm elastic membrane
Pellicle
Its integument is made of spicules and spongin fibers
Sponges
Its integument is made of corchiolin and CaCO3
Mollusca
Its Integument is made of cuticle and chitin
Insects (anthropods)
Its Integument is made of cuticle and CaCO3
Crustaceans (anthropods)
The 2 evolutionary trends among vertebrates that moved to dry land
Keratinization and Emergence of recessed glands with ducts to the skin’s surface
Produces Keratin
Keratinocytes
It is a water-resistant protein
Keratin
What does the fish integument have as its protection?
Dermal scales
What integument has an epidermis that has thin stratum and little keratin, and rarely has scales?
Amphibian Integument
Have adapted to live in arid climate
Reptiles
Scales, Horns, Hooves, Nails, Beaks, Claws, and Hair are examples of
Keratinized structures
It helps in movement and it gives form and shape
Skeleton
What type of skeleton consists of a fluid under pressure in a closed body compartment?
Hydroskeleton
It is a skeleton that is outside the body
Exoskeleton
What skeleton is heavy and does not allow an organism to grow too large?
Exoskeleton
It is a process when an organism with an exoskeleton sheds or removes their skeleton to grow larger
Molting
The skeleton is berried within the soft tissues
Endoskeletion
This skeleton allows the organism to continue to grow but is an ineffective protection against predators
Endoskeleton
What is the vertebrate skeletal system composed of (3)?
Ligament, Cartilage, and Bone
It is a fibrous connective tissue that maximizes non-elastic strength
Ligament
It is a fibrous connective tissue that allows great flexibility
Cartilage
Makes cartilage strong yet flexible (2)
Chondroitin sulfate and collagen
It secretes chondroitin sulfate and collagen
Chondrocytes
It is the material used as a skeleton of elasmobranchs
Cartilage
Its function is for movement and support of the body (a composition of the skeletal system)
Bone
It stores minerals such as calcium and phosphate ions
Bone
It is the major structural supportive tissue of the body
Bone tissue
It is a muscle that is long, has striated cells with multiple nuclei
Skeletal muscle
Muscle that is used for contraction (voluntary movement)
Skeletal Muscle
This muscle has long, spindle shaped cells and is found in hollow organs
Smooth muscle
It is a muscle used for the propulsion of substances along internal passages
Smooth muscle
This muscle has branching, striated cells, and it is found in the walls of the heart
Cardiac muscle
Attachment of the muscle to the bone that does not move
Origin
Attachment of the muscle to the bone that does move
Insertion
Thick and thin filaments
Microfibrils
It is the basic functional unit of the muscle, and is located between 2 z-lines
Sarcomere
It is responsible for the striated appearance of the skeletal muscle
Z-lines
In the contractile filaments (actin) where does Ca2+ attach to?
Troponin
What pulls tropomyosin away exposing the myosin binding sites
Troponin-Ca2+
It is the communication system. It maintains homeostasis.
Nervous system
It is connected to endocrine glands, muscles, and other tissues. It allows signals to be slow and consistent, fast and transient, or a combination of the two
Neurons
It is the arousing nervous system
Sympathetic
It is the calming nervous system
Parasympathetic
The brain and the spinal chord is part of which nervous system?
Central nervous system
The sensory and motor division is part of which nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
It is a principle where in action potential is nerve impulse.
All or None Principle
How much (in mV) membrane potential is there if it is in the resting state?
-70mV
How much mV is the membrane potential in the threshold level?
-55mV
How long does a nerve impulse happen?
about 2ms
What are the passive membrane transport mechanisms in the conduction of a nerve impulse?
Sodium and Potassium Channels
What is the active membrane transport mechanism in the conduction of a nerve impulse?
Sodium-Potassium Pump
It is a point where the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another neuron
Synapse
What allows saltatory conduction which speeds up transmission? (part of a neuron)
Node of Ranvier
It is the conversion of parts of organisms onto their basic components
Digestion
In digestion, the transport of small molecules is easy (true or false)
True
The 2 compounds involved in digestion
Water and Enzymes
It removes water to form a new bond
Dehydration reaction
It adds water to break a bond
Hydrolysis
Enzymes that function within the cell
Intracellular enzymes
Enzymes that are manufactured in the cell but function outside the cell
Extracellular enzymes
In intracellular digestion, how is food engulfed?
Phagocytosis
A digestive system with a single opening
Gastrovascular cavity
A digestive system with 2 openings
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)
What are the four basic tissue layers?
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, Serosa
Food + Saliva
bolus
What breaks down complex sugars
Salivary amylase
It sac like and collects ingested food.
Stomach
It is the alimentary canal’s longest compartment and it absorbs nutrients
Small intestine
Where do the liver and the pancreas empty their secretions to?
Duodenum
It is the largest internal organ and it produces bile salts
Liver
It reabsorbs water and acts as a refuse dump to facilitate elimination
Large Intestine
The circulatory system uses diffusion since it is fast (true or false)
False
What are the two types of Circulatory systems?
Open and close
The open circulatory system opens in the_____
hemocoel
Big tubes have lower resistance which means the fluid flows through it ____
fast
Fluid flows faster in smaller tubes because they have higher resistance (true or false)
False
What system returns fluid back into the cardiovascular system?
Lymphatic system
What blood vessel sends blood away from the heart?
Artery
What blood vessel sends blood to the heart?
Vein
What part of the circulatory system pumps the blood?
Heart
A human heart has how many chambers?
4
The human body is composed of __% water
73%
In the 73% water our body has, how much of that is intracellular water?
44%
what component is 50% of extracellular water?
Plasma water
In blood, Plasma is __%
55%
In blood cellular elements are __%
45%
What cellular element in blood is for defense and immunity?
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
What cellular element in blood is for blood clotting?
Platelets
What cellular element in blood is for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
In each microliter of blood, how many platelets are there?
250,000 - 400,000
In each microliter of blood, how many leukocytes are there?
5,000 - 10,000
In each microliter of blood, how many erythrocytes are there?
5M - 6M
Ganahan rko mu 100 questions,,, so kinsa jud diay ako crush?
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