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BMS 622 Final Exam > Systemic Mysoces > Flashcards

Systemic Mysoces Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two forms of Histoplasma capsulatum at different temperatures?

A

Mold at 25°C, yeast at 37°C

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2
Q

Where is Histoplasma capsulatum endemic?

A

Ohio and Mississippi River valleys, eastern USA

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3
Q

How is Histoplasma infection typically acquired?

A

Inhalation of spores

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4
Q

What activities increase the risk of Histoplasma infection?

A

Spelunking, working near chicken coops

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5
Q

What symptom range does histoplasmosis present?

A

Mild flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory distress

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6
Q

Name the organs affected in disseminated histoplasmosis.

A

Skin, bones, liver, spleen, kidney, CNS

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7
Q

Who is at higher risk of severe Histoplasma disease?

A

Immunocompromised individuals

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8
Q

What is the first-line treatment for severe histoplasmosis?

A

Itraconazole or Amphotericin B

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9
Q

What diagnostic methods are used for histoplasmosis?

A

Microscopy, culture, serology

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10
Q

How is Histoplasma capsulatum transmitted?

A

Inhalation of bat or bird droppings

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11
Q

What areas are associated with Histoplasma capsulatum exposure?

A

Mississippi and Ohio River valleys

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12
Q

What lung finding can histoplasmosis mimic?

A

Calcified lung granulomas like tuberculosis

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13
Q

Name three systemic symptoms of histoplasmosis.

A

Erythema nodosum, tongue ulcers, splenomegaly

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14
Q

What severe manifestation occurs in immunocompromised patients with histoplasmosis?

A

Disseminated disease with severe hepatosplenomegaly

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15
Q

What microscopic finding is diagnostic for histoplasmosis?

A

Macrophages filled with small intracellular ovoid bodies smaller than RBCs

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16
Q

Which rapid diagnostic tests are used for histoplasmosis?

A

Serum or urine antigen tests

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17
Q

What treatments are used for mild and severe histoplasmosis?

A

Fluconazole or itraconazole for mild, amphotericin B for systemic cases

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18
Q

What is the first-line treatment for systemic histoplasmosis?

A

Amphotericin B

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19
Q

What is the hallmark feature of histoplasmosis in immunocompromised patients?

A

Hepatosplenomegaly

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20
Q

What is the temperature-dependent morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

A

Mold at 25°C, yeast at 37°C

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21
Q

Where is Blastomyces endemic?

A

Eastern and Central U.S., Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley

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22
Q

How is Blastomyces transmitted?

A

Inhalation of spores from soil

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23
Q

Which animals are commonly infected by Blastomyces?

A

Dogs

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24
Q

What is a key feature of chronic skin involvement in blastomycosis?

A

Ulcerative or nodular lesions

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25
Which organ systems can Blastomyces disseminate to?
Skin, bones, liver, CNS
26
What is the preferred treatment for severe blastomycosis?
Amphotericin B
27
How is blastomycosis diagnosed?
Culture, staining, serology, PCR
28
What is the primary route of transmission for Blastomyces?
Inhalation of spores from soil
29
Name regions endemic to Blastomyces.
Eastern and Central U.S., Great Lakes, Ohio River Valley
30
What initial infection type is caused by Blastomyces?
Lung infection with patchy alveolar infiltrates
31
What is a characteristic skin manifestation of disseminated blastomycosis?
Lesions mimicking squamous cell carcinoma
32
Which bone disease can Blastomyces cause?
Osteomyelitis
33
What is the distinguishing microscopic feature of Blastomyces?
Broad-based budding yeast similar in size to RBCs
34
What diagnostic antigen test is used for blastomycosis?
Urine antigen testing
35
What treatments are used for localized and systemic blastomycosis?
Itraconazole for localized, amphotericin B for systemic cases
36
What is the main imaging finding for pulmonary blastomycosis?
Patchy alveolar infiltrates
37
Which treatment is recommended for mild to moderate blastomycosis?
Itraconazole
38
What are the two species of Coccidioides?
C. immitis and C. posadasii
39
What is the infection route of Coccidioides?
Inhalation of spores, often after dust storms or earthquakes
40
Where is Coccidioides endemic?
Southwestern U.S., including San Joaquin Valley
41
What is another name for coccidioidomycosis?
Valley Fever
42
Name three common symptoms of Valley Fever.
Pneumonia, fever, joint pain
43
What is a common skin symptom of coccidioidomycosis?
Erythema nodosum
44
In which patients does coccidioidomycosis disseminate?
Immunocompromised individuals
45
Name the hallmark microscopic feature of Coccidioides in tissues.
Spherules much larger than RBCs
46
What diagnostic methods confirm coccidioidomycosis?
KOH prep, culture, serology
47
What treatments are used for localized and disseminated coccidioidomycosis?
Azoles for localized, amphotericin B for disseminated cases
48
What environmental events increase the risk of coccidioidomycosis?
Dust storms or earthquakes
49
What nickname is given to coccidioidomycosis?
Valley Fever
50
How is Paracoccidioides transmitted?
Inhalation of spores
51
Which regions are endemic to Paracoccidioides?
South America, especially Brazil
52
What lymphadenopathy is characteristic of paracoccidioidomycosis?
Cervical, axillary, or inguinal nodes
53
Name two major symptoms of paracoccidioidomycosis.
Lung granulomas, mucosal ulcers with hemorrhagic borders
54
What microscopic feature identifies Paracoccidioides?
Yeast cells with multiple buds resembling a 'captain’s wheel'
55
How does the size of Paracoccidioides yeast compare to RBCs?
Much larger than RBCs
56
What treatments are used for mild and severe paracoccidioidomycosis?
Itraconazole for mild, amphotericin B for severe cases
57
What appearance does Paracoccidioides yeast exhibit microscopically?
'Captain's wheel'
58
What lymphadenopathy regions are associated with paracoccidioidomycosis?
Cervical, axillary, inguinal
59
What environmental factor increases the risk of Histoplasma transmission?
Bird and bat droppings in soil
60
What is a key differential feature of blastomycosis skin lesions?
Mimics squamous cell carcinoma
61
What diagnostic method is used to detect Paracoccidioides yeast?
Observation of 'captain’s wheel' in microscopy
62
How does itraconazole work against systemic fungal infections?
Inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis
63
What is the mechanism of action for amphotericin B?
Binds to ergosterol, creating pores in fungal membranes
64
How do azole antifungals, like fluconazole, exert their effect?
Inhibit lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase, blocking ergosterol production
65
What advantage does itraconazole have over amphotericin B?
Oral availability and lower toxicity
66
What differentiates histoplasmosis granulomas from tuberculosis granulomas?
Histoplasmosis granulomas contain macrophages filled with intracellular fungi
67
How can blastomycosis be distinguished from histoplasmosis?
Broad-based budding yeast in blastomycosis vs. intracellular fungi in histoplasmosis
68
What distinguishes Coccidioides from Histoplasma under microscopy?
Coccidioides forms spherules much larger than red blood cells
69
Which fungal infection is associated with lesions resembling squamous cell carcinoma?
Blastomycosis
70
How do Coccidioides and Blastomyces compare in geographic distribution?
Coccidioides is endemic to the southwestern U.S., Blastomyces to the eastern U.S.
71
In which region is Histoplasma most prevalent?
Mississippi and Ohio River valleys
72
Where is Coccidioides endemic?
Southwestern U.S., including the San Joaquin Valley
73
Which regions have the highest prevalence of Blastomyces?
Eastern and Central U.S., Great Lakes region
74
Where is Paracoccidioides brasiliensis primarily found?
South America, especially Brazil
75
What environmental factor contributes to Coccidioides prevalence in the southwestern U.S.?
Dust storms and earthquakes stirring soil spores
76
How can occupational workers minimize exposure to Histoplasma?
Use masks in areas with bird or bat droppings
77
What precaution can hikers take to avoid Coccidioides infection?
Avoid areas with high dust exposure during storms
78
How can farmers reduce the risk of Blastomyces exposure?
Wear protective gear when working with soil in endemic areas
79
What general strategy helps prevent fungal infections in immunocompromised individuals?
Avoid activities that expose them to high spore environments, such as caves or construction sites
80
Why is controlling dust important in endemic regions for fungal infections?
Reduces inhalation of airborne fungal spores

BMS 622 Final Exam (2 decks)

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