Systemic Htm Flashcards
What is the term for blood pressure that is above normal but not yet high enough to be classified as hypertension?
prehypertension
Prehypertension indicates a risk for developing hypertension in the future.
What is the 50th percentile line also known as?
Median
The median represents the middle value in a dataset.
Which condition is characterized by hypertension and bradycardia due to increased intracranial pressure?
Cushing effect
The Cushing effect is often associated with increased intracranial pressure and can lead to severe complications.
What is a common feature in infants with hypertension that indicates poor growth and development?
Failure to thrive (FTT)
FTT can be a sign of underlying health issues, including hypertension.
What are some common clinical signs of hypertension?
- Headache
- Vomiting
- Difficulty initiating sleep
- Daytime tiredness
These signs can indicate elevated blood pressure and should be evaluated.
What imaging techniques are mentioned for investigating hypertension?
- Abdominal sonar
- Echo
- Renal Doppler
These imaging techniques are used to assess potential causes of hypertension.
What is a common cause of hypertension detected only in the upper limbs?
Coarctation of the aorta
This congenital condition can lead to differential blood pressures in the arms and legs.
Fill in the blank: The treatment of the underlying cause of hypertension may include _______.
Coarctectomy
Coarctectomy is a surgical procedure to correct coarctation of the aorta.
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for managing hypertension?
- Healthy diet
- Weight reduction
Lifestyle changes can significantly impact blood pressure management.
What class of medications is often used to treat severe symptomatic hypertension?
Anti-hypertensive drugs
These drugs are crucial in managing blood pressure and preventing complications.
What are the indications for using anti-hypertensive drugs?
- Severe symptomatic HTN
- Secondary HTN
- Insufficient response to lifestyle modification
These criteria help healthcare providers determine when medication is necessary.
Which medications are included in the treatment of hypertension?
- ACE-I
- Beta blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Diuretics
These medications work through different mechanisms to lower blood pressure.
True or False: Essential hypertension is common in children.
False
Essential hypertension is not commonly diagnosed in pediatric populations.
What laboratory tests are suggested for evaluating hypertension?
- Kidney function tests (Creatinine, BUN)
- Urine analysis and culture
- Electrolytes (Na, K)
- Fasting glucose
- Lipids profile
These tests help identify underlying causes of hypertension.
What can hypertension lead to in severe cases, particularly in the brain?
HTN Encephalopathy
This condition can present with severe neurological symptoms including coma and convulsions.
What is the definition of hypertension?
Systolic and/or diastolic BP > 95th % for (Age, Sex and Height) on at least 3 occasions
This definition is used to categorize blood pressure levels in children and adolescents.
What are the stages of hypertension?
- Normal: < 90th percentile
- Pre-hypertension: Between 90th percentile and 95th percentile
- Stage 1 hypertension: Between 95th percentile and 99th percentile
- Stage 2 hypertension: More than 99th percentile plus 5 mmHg
These stages help in identifying the severity of hypertension for appropriate management.
What is the median line in blood pressure measurement?
50th percentile line
This line helps in determining the average blood pressure level for a population.
What should the bladder width of a blood pressure cuff cover?
About 70% of the upper arm length
Correct cuff size is crucial for accurate blood pressure readings.
What should the bladder length of a blood pressure cuff do?
Should encircle the arm completely
Proper cuff fit is essential to avoid erroneous blood pressure measurements.
Why should blood pressure be measured in both arms and legs?
To rule out coarctation of the aorta
This practice helps in diagnosing potential vascular abnormalities.
How many separate office visits are required to measure blood pressure?
At least 3 separate office visits
This ensures that the readings are accurate and not influenced by transient factors.
What are the renal causes of secondary hypertension?
- Renal artery stenosis
- Diabetic nephropathy
- Polycystic kidney disease (PCK)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Chronic nephritis
- Chronic pyelonephritis
- Gout
- Amyloidosis
- Vasculitis (PAN)
- Renal arterial thrombosis
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
These conditions can lead to increased blood pressure due to kidney dysfunction.
What are the endocrinal causes of secondary hypertension?
- Conn’s syndrome: HTN, Alkalosis & low K
- Cushing syndrome
- Hyperaldosteronism
- Pheochromocytoma (Paroxysmal HTN) + Palpitations
Hormonal imbalances can significantly affect blood pressure regulation.
What medications are known to cause secondary hypertension?
- Corticosteroids
- Cyclosporine
These medications can lead to increased blood pressure as a side effect.
True or False: Blood pressure should only be measured once to diagnose hypertension.
False
Multiple readings are necessary to ensure accuracy and reliability.
Fill in the blank: The systolic and/or diastolic BP that defines hypertension is greater than the _______.
95th percentile
This percentile is based on age, sex, and height.
Female 20 y with htn ?
Fibromuscular dysplasia
How to spot fibromuscular dysplasia by ascultation
Renal bruit
Paryxosmal htn with palpations
Pheochromoctoma
Htn alkalosis hypokalemia
Conns
Most common features of htn in infantsv
Fft
Cardiac failure
Complications of htn
3cc
3t
Preg female at 16 weeks presented with htn how to know that it is preg induced or chronic
By echo if lvh so it is chromic if normal so preg induced
How to know cause of htn by urine analysis
If if glucose so glucosoria
If pus pyelonephritis
If blood. GN
Normal htn
Less 90
Pre htn
Between 9- and 95
Stage 1 htn
95-99
Stade 2 htn
More 99
Dirutics used in htn ?
Thiazides not lasix
Htn + cad ttt
Bb
Htn + hf ttt
Ace i
Ttt of htn not used in hf
Chb
Causes of 2ry htn in children
Renal ( parenchymal , vascular )
Suprarenal (medulla <, crtex ( GFR ملح سكر سكس(
4c
1ry , white coat
Inv for htn
Ttt of htn all ()
How many visits for diagnosis of htn
3
Bb should be measured in both arms and legs
To rule out coarctication of aorta
