systemic health -optoprep Flashcards
lower TSH = ____ thyroid
lower TSH = hyperactive thyroid
higher TSH = ____thyroid
higher TSH = underactive thyroid
thyrotoxicosis
elevated circulating thyroid hormone. due to: hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, pituitary adenoma, drugs, presence of iodide
all hyperthyroidism is caused by _____ disease
all hyperthyroidism is caused by Graves disease
graves disease is characterized by presence of ______
graves disease is characterized by presence of antibodies (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins TSI)
how does TSI work in Graves disease
TSI bind to and activate TSH receptors on the thyroid gland. Mimicks TSH
resulting cause of TSI
(anatomical changes)
enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and increased amount of T3/T4
what findings confirms Graves disease?
presence of Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins
hashimoto disease is another autoimmune condition where ____ occurs
hashimoto disease is another autoimmune condition where hypothyroidism occurs
what happens to thyroid cells in hashimoto
thyroid cells are destroyed
when thyroid cells are destroyed in Hashimoto/hypothyroidoism, what is the thyroid’s response
releases stored supplied of thyroid hormones triggering transient periods of hyperthyroidism
what is detected in bloodwork to confirm Hashimoto
elevated anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti TPO) antibodies in the blood
Hershel, what is upper limit of normal for Caucasions/Black?
22mm/24 mm
TYPE __
if a test fails to detect the disease that it was designed to detect in a patient that actually has the disease.
type 1 error
people living in _____ would have greater chance of developing MS
northern hemisphere
most commonly encountered VF defect for optic neuritis
altitudinal defect
which systemic diseases most often correlate with BRVO
DB, HTN
which area of the retina is most commonly affected by brvo?
superior nasal
interferon & ribavirin are treatments for
Hepatitis C
retinopathy associated with use of interferon therapy for trx of systemic conditions like hepatitis c
hemorrhages/CWS in area surrounding nerve
– unilat/bilat.
if a pt starts interferon therapy for hepatitis c, what is important to note if there are retinal findings?
– retinal screening before initiating therapy
– other systemic health conditions like HTN & DM
- check BP and A1c to confirm if retinopathy if from therapy or sys conditions
cotton wool spots : layer and why
NFL infarct
B/C of capillary non-perfusion
if a pt undergoing interferon therapy for hep. C has CWS but is asymptomatic, what would you do?
– management is tailored to pt symptoms
– if asymptomatic, prescribing DR will continue w. interferon therapy
– symptomatic: stop therapy or reduce dosage of treatment
–either way: – MONITOR closely
primary route of hepatitis C infection
IV drug use
primary route of hepatitis A infection
object is taken in by mouth by objects contaminated with infected fecal matter
– also improper food handling (not washing hands)
primary route of hepatitis B infection
blood, semen, bodily fluids of infected person enter body of another person : needle stick, direct contact w. blood or open sores, sexual contact, needle sharing
what is this an image of
palisades of vogt
describe palisades of vogt
white, radial structures around the cornea
inferior>superior
corneal epithelial stem cells
limbal girdle of vogt
white crescent shaped corneal opacities (benign findings)
schwabe’s line is the anatomical line that indicated termination of _____ ____
schwabe’s line is the anatomical line that indicated termination of Descemet’s membrane
sampaoeli line shows abundance of pigments at ______ ___. seen in conditions: ______ & ________
sampaoeli line shows abundance of pigments at Schwabe’s line. seen in conditions: pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pigment dispersion glaucoma
palisades are important anatomy for
housing blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue, lymphatics , stem cells found there
proliferative retinopathy for sickle cell:
stage1 :
stage 2:
proliferative retinopathy for sickle cell:
stage1 : occluded periph. arterioles
stage 2: periph Arteriovenous anastomoses
proliferative retinopathy for sickle cell:
stage 3:
stage 4:
stage 3: neovascularization of the AV anastomoses
stage 4: vitreous hemorrhage
– (+) neovasc. refer for laser or observe until vitreous heme
proliferative retinopathy for sickle cell:
stage 5:
proliferation of fibrovascular tissue & rhegmatogenous or tractional RD
ocular signs of sickle cell disease
– tortuous retinal veins
– sea fan neovascularization
– sclerosis/hardening od peripheral retinal veins
– black sunburst
– salmon patch
– vitreous hemorrhage
– RD
black sunburst appearance
oval/round retinal lesion made of RPE cells
salmon patches
subretinal or intraretinal hemorrhages
