Systemic Complaints (Exam 3) Flashcards
A disorder that results in chronic hyperglycemia due to absence of insulin, decreased insulin, and/or decreased sensitivity of insulin receptors
diabetes mellitus (DM)
What are the 2 types of diabetes mellitus (DM)?
type 1 (insulin dependent (IDDM) and type 2 (insulin independent/ non insulin dependent (NIDDIM))
What are the complications of diabetes mellitus (DM)?
-death (increases risk of atherosclerosis related death)
-blindness
-renal failure
-neuropathy
-gangrene of feet
What are the history/ risk factors for diabetes mellitus (DM)?
-older than 45
-obese
-family history of diabetes mellitus (DM)
-type 1 is common in Scandinavians
-type 2 is common in African Americans, Hispanics, American Indians, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders
-history of PCOS
-blurred vision, numbness and tingling in the extremities (bilateral or unilateral), polyuria, polydipsia
-history of high cholesterol or TG levels
-history of smoking
-frequent yeast/candida infections in women, or vaginitis or pruritis
What is the single most important risk factor for diabetes mellitus (DM)?
obesity
What are the risk factors for thyroid dysfunction?
-patients with prior radiation or radioisotope therapy
-patients with autoimmune disorders like sjogrens, pernicious anemia, lupus
-having 1st degree relative with thyroid disease
-elderly and women 40+
What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
-nervousness
-irritability
-insomnia
-tremor
-muscle weakness
-heat intolerance
-change in appetite
-decreased or dysfunctional menstrual flow
-increased frequency of bowel movements
-changes of appearance in neck
-neck mass or goiter
-enlarged or more prominent eyes (exophthalmos)
-eye irritation
What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism?
-weakness
-tiredness/fatigue
-depression
-weight gain
-cold intolerance
-dry skin
-horeness
-constipation
-myalgia
-paresthesias
What are the 4 thyroid disorders?
1) graves disease
2) hashimotos disease
3) subacute thyroiditis
4) thyroid cancer
Defined as a loss of bone mass associated with deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue. Often classified as primary (primary causes like senile and post-menopausal types) and secondary (hormonal dysfunction through hyper or hypothyroidism, thyroid meds, corticosteroid use, smoking, and alcohol consumption, or cancer)
osteoporosis
What are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
-female
-white or Asian
-early menopause
-family history of osteoporosis
-lean body composition
-lack of exercise
-use of glucocorticoids, phenytoin, aluminum antacids, lithium, loop diuretics, tetracycline, warfarin
-heavy alcohol consumption
-smoking
-vit D def
-more then 4 cups of coffee a day
-carbonated drinks
Condition due to dopamine depletion caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system, which leads to imbalance between dopamine and ACh
parkinsons
What are the cardinal signs of parkinsons?
-resting tremor
-bradykinesia
-rigidity (cogwheel or ratchet)
-asymmetric onset
other important features:
-micrographia
-shuffling (fenestrated) gait
-as disease progresses, the patient may appear to have a blank emotionless expression their face
Condition characterized by patchy demyelination with reactive gliosis in the spinal cord, optic nerve, and white matter
MS
What is the most common type of MS?
relapsing, remitting MS (may start with episodic attacks that initially resolve but may leave residual neurologic deficits)
