System Dynamics - BD Sterman Flashcards
instinctive
Natural
غريزي، ذاتي
An instinctive management response to periods of worsening fire severity is to increase fire suppression capacity, an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.
appeal
fascination, magnetism
جذبه
- Increasing fire suppression capacity is an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.
- What kind of man would appeal to you?
- She didn’t try to hide her sex appeal and wore clothing tight enough to leave little to the imagination.
استیناف
- The exhausted student can appeal to the faculty for relief, generating request for extentions.
appease
mitigate, calm, pacify
ساکت کردن، آرام کردن، تسکین دادن
- An instinctive management response to periods of worsening fire severity is to increase fire suppression capacity, an approach with immediate appeal as it directly treats the symptom of devastating fires and appeases the public.
- We eat only to appease our hunger, we drink only so much as it is good for temperate persons to do.
- Would that appease you, Gabriel?
degrade
decline, decay, lower, reduce
تنزل دادن، خفت دادن، تنزل رتبه دادن
- The new policy can degrade the long-run effectiveness of the fire management.
- Every day I stay in this house I degrade myself further.
exacerbate
worsen, deteriorate, aggravate
بدتر کردن، تشدید کردن
- Climate change also appears to
be influencing patterns of rainfall and weather that can exacerbate fire damages.
supress
finish, stop, prevent, arrest, beat, overwhelm
سرکوب کردن، خاموش کردن، منکوب کردن، فرونشاندن
- The damages motivated great attention to forest and fire management and led to significant expenditures on the country’s capacity to suppress fires.
seek
try, attempt, search, explore
طلبیدن، جوییدن، طلب کردن
Much of the research in recent years has sought to explain the problem statistically.
underlying
fundamental, basic, primary, elementary, latent, suppressed, unrevealed, undisclosed, unexpressed, concealed, hidden, masked
اساسی، اصولی
There are underlying dynamics that have been impacting the activity for many years.
subject to
Being dependent or conditional upon something, exposed to some unfortunate or undesirable thing, Under the necessity of undergoing something
- The assuptions should be subject to scrutiny.
- He was subject to a lot of gross mistreatment by the people.
scrutiny
study, check, survey, examination, inquiry
بررسی، رسیدگی، موشکافی
- The assuptions should be subject to scrutiny.
- Every aspect of local government was placed under scrutiny.
initialization
The process/act of preparing something to begin, the assignment of an initial value for a data object or variable
مقداردهی اولیه
- The initialization of equilibrium is less significant.
divergence
contrast, heterogeny, branch
واگرایی، انشعاب
- The divergence exist between primates and other groups.
divergent
conflicting, different, disparate
واگرا، مختلف، متباین
- At first, the consequences of two divergent policies should be examined.
far more
Skilled, well-trained pilots are critical, but far more important is designing an aircraft that is stable, robust under extreme conditions, and that ordinary pilots can fly safely even when stressed, tired, or in unfamiliar conditions.
robust
powerful, prosperous, giant, in good shape
تنومند، قوی هیکل، خوش بنیه
Skilled, well-trained pilots are critical, but far more important is designing an aircraft that is stable, robust under extreme conditions, and that ordinary pilots can fly safely even when stressed, tired, or in unfamiliar conditions.
courage, to call for courage
شجاعت، جرات، دلیری
He calls for courage in the selection of problems. His words put courage into every heart. He said: ‘‘Have courage, my boy’’.
embed
encompass, belay
نشاندن، محاط کردن، جادادن
Modeling is embedded in an organization and social context.
per se
by itself, directly, instantly, fundamentaly, by and of itself
فی نفسه، به خودی خود، مستقیمن
- Well, that’s not correct per se, but the situation is something like that.
- Before the modeling process per se begins, the modeler must gain access to the organization and identify the client.
champion
defend, support, backup
- The client is not the person who brings you in to an organization or champions your work, nor even the person who pays for the modeling study.
nor even
نه حتا
- The client is not the person who brings you in to an organization or champions your work, nor even the person who pays for the modeling study.
look out
To be watchful or careful; take care
- If you don’t look out, you may fall on the ice.
- We looked out for each other on the trip.
- Clients are looking out for their own careers.
do little care
They care little for the elegance of the modeler’s theory.
keep someone onboard
He should not do everything to keep them onboard.
conception
vision, idea, imagination
تصور، درک
- A good modeling process challenges the clients’ conception of the problem.
gain power
They are interested in using models as instruments to gain power in their organization.
integrity
accuracy, perfection
تمامیت، بی عیبی، درستی
- As a modeler you have an ethical responsibility to carry out your work with rigor and integrity.
rigor
rigidity, severity, hardness, austerity
سختگیری، دقت زیاد، خشونت
- As a modeler you have an ethical responsibility to carry out your work with rigor and integrity.
- His analysis is lacking in rigor.
being lacking in sth
His analysis is lacking in rigor.
someone’s mind is closed
- If your client’s minds are closed, get yourself a better client.
inherently
- Modeling is inherently creative.
articulate
شمرده سخن گفتن، مفصل دار کردن
- they were unable to articulate their emotions.
- The first step is articulating the problem to be addressed.
place sth in context with sth
- It is important to place the modeling in context with the ongoing activities in the system.
sequence of steps
- Modeling is not a linear sequence of steps.
iteration
repeat, repetition, duplication
بازگویی، تکرار
- Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.
continual
sequential, ceaseless, continuous
- Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.
refinement
پالایش
- Modeling goes through constant iteration, continual questioning, testing, and refinement.
recast
از نو طرح کردن، از نو قالب ریختن
- That figure recasts the modeling process shown in table more accurately.
- This metal would be recast into additional cannon.
continually
- This information is continually updated.
glean
extract (infos) from various sources, plagiarize
خوشه چینی کردن
- The information is gleaned from untrusted sources.
one-shot activity
- Modeling is not a one-shot activity, but an ongoing process of continual cycling between the virtual and real world of action.
propose (to)
to suggest something to someone
- I have already proposed to Sarah.
- Beware the analyst who proposes to model an entire business.
- I proposed my idea to him.
beware
حذر کردن از
- Beware the analyst who proposes to model an entire business.
- Beware of the ghost in the night come to steal you away!
lie in sth
to consist of or have something as a basis
- The usefulness of models lies in the fact that they simplify reality, creating a representation of it we can comprehend.
- Our continued success lies in our commitment to service.
supplement (verb)
complete
تکمیل کردن، ضمیمه شدن به
- The modeler develops the initial characterization of the problem through discussions, suppelmented by archival data and interviews.
elicit
extract, draw out
بیرون کشیدن، استخراج کردن
- They work with a group to elicit the information needed to define the problem.
unfold
reveal, disclose, open
بازکردن، آشکار شدن، رها شدن
- New information unfolded by the government shows how the problem arose and how it might evolve even in the future.
literally
difinitely, exactly
دقیقن، به معنای واقعی کلمه
- You should develop a refrence mode, literally a set of graphs and other descriptive data showing the development of the problem over time.
far enough back in history
The time horizon should extend far enough back in history to show how the problem emerged.
trend
change or develop in a general direction
گرایش یا تمایل داشتن
- The chart shows production slowly trending down and consumption trending modestly up.
fluctuate in a narrow band
Prices fluctuate in a narrow band between 10 and 20.
spike
a sharp increase
- Prices spike to 40$ per barrel after the Iraki invasion of Kuwait.
impression
perception, result, view, sense
درک، احساس، اثر
- By changing the time horizon, the impression is completely different.
at an average rate
- Consumption grew exponentially at an average rate of 4.3 percent per year.
keep pace
move at the same speed as sth/smn, to stay at the same level as sth/smn
- Production kept pace as exploration techniques.
- We get regular pay raises that are supposed to keep pace with inflation.
slightly
little, somewhat
اندکی
- Import grew slightly, stimulated by the availability of cheap foreign oil.
finite
limited
محدود، فناپذیر
- Petroleum is a finite nonrenewable resource.
spur
سیخ زدن
- The purpose of the model was to identify high leverage policies to spur the economic development in the region.
desertification
بیابانزایی
- As the cattle overbrowsed the grasslands, disertification increased.
account for something
explain sth, be the reason for sth
- The hypothesis should be developed to account for the problematic behavior.
- His good manners account for his popularity.
- More police on the streets accounted for less street crime.
- She has accounted for every item that was missing.
provisional
conditional, dependent, limited
موقتي، مشروط
- As it is provisional, it is subject to revisionor abandonment.
acknowledge
affirm, certify
- they need to acknowledge the source of problems.
persist
continue firmly
- That critical problem persisted for years.
advocate
- All advocate their positions while deriding the views of others.
deride
تمسخر کردن
- All advocate their positions while deriding the views of others.
elicitation
استخراج
- Variety of elicitation techniques and diagramming tools should be developed to assisst the modeler.
endogenous
internal
- The modeler’s goal is to help the client develop an endogenous explanation for the problematic dynamics.
scrutinize
analyze carefully
مورد موشکافی و مداقه قرار دادن
- Each candidate for exogenous input should be carefully scrutinized to consider whether there are important feedbacks from endogenous to them or not.
contradictory
متناقض
- Treating economy exogenously made the model inherently contradictory.
palpably
به روشنی
- The basic assumptions were palpably inadequate and the main results were woefully erroneous.
erroneous
پر از اشتباه
- The basic assumptions were palpably inadequate and the main results were woefully erroneous.
constrain
severely restrict
- The puepose of the model is to explore how the macroeconomic considerations might constrain the development of new energy sources.
be worth …ing
- It is worth noting that the model provided a breakdown of demand and supply.
- Another feedback is worth adding.
- The implementation may seem a bit cumbersome at first, but the payoff can be well worth the effort.
overoptimistic
- The predicted rate of development was overoptimistic.
treat
- The model treat the import prices exogenously.
treat in a … fashion
به طرز … مورد عمل قرار دادن، به طرز …. رفتار کردن
- The model treated thesnergy system in a fairly aggregate fashion.
undercut
weaken; undermine
- While that tendency is natural, it undercuts the utility of the model and weaken the ability to learn from it.
absurd
meaningless, irrational
پوچ، مهمل، بی معنی
- Without a clear understanding of the model boundry, the can produce absurd results.
couple
combine with, accompany with, mix with, incorporate with
- The subsystems are coupled with one another.
- The two subsystems are coupled by the obvious flow of orders, product, and money.
- A sense of hope is coupled with a palpable sense of loss.
encounter
face
مواجه شدن، روبرو شدن
- The company encountered a severe crisis that led to bankrupcy and merger.
merger
ادغام
- The company encountered a severe crisisthat led to bankrupcy and merger.
implication
meaning, concept, sense
مفهوم
- Most of the time the dynamic implications of the model is unclear.
- The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.
reveal
diclose, unfold, display
آشکار ساختن
- Simulation (the virtual world) might reveal the flaws in the dynamic hypothesis.
flaw
deficiency, gap
عیب
- Simulation (the virtual world) might reveal the flaws in the dynamic hypothesis.
- Extreme conditions tests, along with other tests of model behavior, are critical tools to discover the flaws in the model.
insight
intuition, understanding, vision
بینش، فهم
- Formalizing a conceptual model often generates important insight even before it is ready to be simulated.
- She alone could provide insight into what he needed to do.
vague
ambiguous, opaque, unclear
مبهم، غیرمعلوم
- Formalization help the modeler to recognize vague concepts that went unnoticed and undiscussed.
correspond to sth
to match up with something; to harmonize with sth
مطابق بودن، مانند یا مشابه بودن، رابطه داشتن، متناظر با
- Every variable must correspond to a meaningful concept in the real world.
- The equations correspond to the stock and flow map.
surplus
excess, addition, augmentation, excess, increase
مازاد
- With a huge surplus of cars on dealer lots, production should soon fall to zero.
set the stage for sth
make sth happen, prepare sth for some activity
- زمینه چیزی را فراهم کردن
- Discovering flows in the model sets the stage for improved understanding.
- The purpose of that first meeting was to set the stage for future co-operation between Russia and the USA.
robustness
استحکام، خوشفکری
- The robustness of the mode must be assessed.
plausible
acceptable, possible
پذیرفتنی، محتمل
- A simple and plausible formulation for the grwoth rate is to multiply two variables presented by Vensim.
denote
define, mark, explain
معنی کردن، نشان دادن، علامتگذاری کردن
- The hatched lines denote the silvered surfaces.
- The term is also used to denote the severity of incident.
- The variables are denoted ‘Xi’ and ‘Wi’ in the original dataset.
incidence
occurrence
وقوع
- An increased incidence of cance has been reportaed.
- The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence.
prevalence
outbreak, spread, break-out, dominace, conquest
شیوع، برتری، تفوق
- The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence.
imperfect
- Modeling is always imperfect.
by far
to the greatest degree
تا کنون
- She is by far the most experienced member of the cast.
- By far the most important tool for analysing and understanding the structure of the model is unit-checking function.
consistency
stability
ثبات، استحکام
- The most important feature of any system dynamics equation is dimentional consistency.
- His argument that lacked consistency.
so far
up to now
تا حالا
- I followed the instructions so far.
dimensionless
- Probability is dimentionless.
under scrutiny, place sth under scrutiny
being watched or examined closely
- The suspect was kept under scrutiny throughout the investigation.
- Every aspect of local government was placed under scrutiny.
polarity
symmetry, synchrony
تمایل
- The negative polarity of the link from the death rate to population denotes that the death rate subtract population.
subtract
reduce, diminish, alleviate, cut, deduct, subtract
کم کردن، منها کردن
- The negative polarity of the link from the death rate to population denotes that the death rate subtract population.
- An inflow adds to the stock or subtracts from it.
causal
علی، سببی
- Every link should represent causal relationship between variables.
confusing sth with sth
- Confusing correlation with causality can lead to terrible misjudgments and policy errors.
reinforce
amplify, amplify, bolster, augment
تقویت کردن، نیرو بخشیدن
- Positive loops reinforce change whiole negative loops are self-correcting.
disturbance
disorder, discomfort
آشوب
- A helicopter landing can cause disturbance to residents.
- The disturbance propagates around the loop to reinforce the original change.
propagate
spread, broadcast
انتشار دادن
- The disturbance propagates around the loop to reinforce the original change.
miscount
- In complex diagram it is all too easz to miscount the number of negative links and also to mislable the polaritz of links.
mislable
- In complex diagram it is all too easz to miscount the number of negative links and also to mislable the polaritz of links.
elastic
- If demand is highly elastic, a higher price means less revenue because a 1% increase in price causes demand to fall more than 1 %. The link would have negative polarity.
inelastic
If demand is inelastic, then a l % increase in price causes demand to drop less than l %, so revenues rise. The link would be positive.
explicit
bright, clear, definitive, precise
صریح، روشن
- The pathways should be made explicit in diagram.
- Make the goal of your negative loop explicit!
presumably
likely
احتمالن
- He persumably comes from US.
- Persumably the demand curve is sloping downward.
downward
رو به پایین
- Persumably the demand curve is sloping downward.
insensitive (to)
- The demand is insensitive to price (means the elasticity of demand is less than one).
raise
boost, enhance
بالا بردن
- Price raised unit revenue more than it decreases
sales.
dominate
- Conversely, if customers are quite price sensitive (the elasticity of demand is greater than one), the lower path dominates.
- Interviews with anxious drivers dominated the news.
fruitful
beneficial, advantageous
پربار
- It is a fruitful method to deepen our understanding of the causal structure.
conversly
- Conversely, if customers are quite price sensitive (the elasticity of demand is greater than one), the lower path dominates.
build up
progress, develop, build
توسعه پیدا کردن
- When schedule pressure builds up they must work overtime.
- The transit authority attempts to build up the mass transit network.
backlog
انباشتگی، کارهای روی هم جمع شده
- By overtime working, they cut the backlog of work and relieve the schedule pressure.
- I never build up a large backlog of assignments.
relieve
mitigate, facilitate
تسکین دادن، تخفیف دادن، کمک کردن
- By overtime working, they cut the backlog of work and relieve the schedule pressure.
fatigue
خستگی
- However, by overtime working, fatigue sets in and productivity suffers.
set in
begin to happen, become apparent or stablished
ایجاد شدن، اتفاق افتادن
- However, by overtime working, fatigue sets in and productivity suffers.
haste makes waste
عجله گه میزنه به کار
cut corners
to do something in the easiest, cheapest, or fastest way
corner cutting
- The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, whichleads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.
self defeating
علیه خود
- The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, which leads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.
rework
دوباره کاری
- The engineers argues that corner cutting is self-defeating because it increases the error rate, which leads to rework and lower productivity in the long run.
burnout
physical or mental collapse caused by overwork or stress
فرسودگی شغلی
inertia
a tendency to do nothing or to remain unchanged
اینرسی
- Delays give systems inertia can create oscillations, and are often responsible for trade-offs between the short- and long-run effects of policies.
in the response of sth to sth
- Different time delays occur in the response of dasoline demand to price change.
substantial
fundamental, basic, essential, vital, pivotal
اساسی، قابل توجه
- The long run response is substantial as the stock of cars is graduallz replaced with more efficient models and as the lifestzles change.
hypothetical
فرضی
- It discuss a hypothetical permanent unanticipated increase in gasoline price.
morale
روحیه
- More praise from the boss boosts morale.
clutter
disarray, mash, confusion,
درهم و برهمی
- Symbols without meaning only serve to clutter and distract.
distract
knock down, confound, confuse
پریشان کردن، گیج کردن
- Symbols without meaning only serve to clutter and distract.
grasp
فهمیدن، به چنگ آوردن، قاپیدن
- The audience couldn’t grasp the logic of the causal links. So,the modeler tried to make some of the intermediate variables explicit.
- The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.
chunk
piece, slice, fragment
تکه
- Short term memory can hold 7 chunks of information at once.
one at a time
یکی یکی
- Few people can understand a complex causal diagram unless they have a chance to digest the pieces one at a time.
digest
خلاصه کردن، هضم کردن
- Few people can understand a complex causal diagram unless they have a chance to digest the pieces one at a time.
discrepancy
difference, disagreement, variation
عدم توافق، اختلاف
- All negative loops function by comparing the actual state to the goal, then initiating a corrective action in response to the discrepancy.
- There’s a discrepancy between your account and his
incorporate in
build or combine sth/sne into sth sth/sne
ترکیب کردن، بهم پیوستن، داخل کردن
- We want to incorporate you into our sales force very soon.
- Hypothesis can be incorporated in the model very quickly.
proportional
symmetric, symmetrical
متناسب
- The rate of cooling (at which heat diffuses from the hot coffe to the surrounding air) is proportional to the difference between the coffee and room temprature.
diffuse
disperse, scatter, spread
پخش و پراکنده شدن
- The rate of cooling (at which heat diffuses from the hot coffe to the surrounding air) is proportional to the difference between the coffee and room temprature.
state of affairs
the general state of things
شرایط، وضع موجود
- Differences exist between true state of affairs and the perception of that state by the actors.
perceive
understand, figure out, realize, see, grasp, consider
فهمیدن، درک کردن، دریافتن، حس کردن
- The modeler couldn’t perceive the status quo.
- He perceived the truth.
- The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.
perceived
درک شده، دریافت شده
- Distinguish between actual and perceived conditions is critical.
hold a view
- They can hols a grossly exaggerated view of product quality, but the model can help them to shorten delays and eliminate distortions.
distortion
انحراف
- They can hols a grossly exaggerated view of product quality, but the model can help them to shorten delays and eliminate distortions.
yield
تسلیم کردن/شدن، ارزانی داشتن
- Interviews can not yield data rich enough to be useful in developing SD.
- They will yield only as we reclaim our Intuition and stop casting blame.
محصول، بازده
- The yield of their line in factory was low.
snowball effect
a process that starts from an initial state of small significance and builds upon itself, becoming larger
- It was just a kind of snowball effect.
hand in
تحویل دادن
- I should hand in assignments as they are due during the semester.
throughout
در کل، در سرتاسر
- My grades improve steadily throughout the term
defer the work until the last minute
defer the work until the last minute
crunch
a crucial point or situation, typically one at which a decision with important consequences must be made
بحران
- It is the crunch time, because the assignment backlog steadily built up.
put in
کنار آمدن با، اعمال کردن
- He start putting in long hours as it was the crunch time.
be consistent with
سازگار بودن با
- Make sure your graphs are consistent with stock and flow relationships among variables.
aspiration
wish, desire, ambition, ideal
آرمان، آرزو
- Relative to his aspiration, he boosted the effort put into each task.
insidious
harmful
موذی، خطرناک
- Sexually transmitted diseases can be insidious and sometimes without symptoms.
- His efforts to maintain quality created an insidious feedback.
vicious
bad, depraved, defective, dangerous
معیوب، فاسد، شریر
- The loop operates as a vicious cycle.
counterproductive
having the opposite of the desired effect, detrimental, disadvantegous
- Wouldn’t the grasshoppers realize that their efforts were actually counterproductive?
impaired
damaged, weak
مختل، ضعیف
- It is precisely when people are exhausted that their judgment is most impaired.
extenuating
mitigating
تخفیف دهنده
- Based on the genuine extenuating circumesrances, the faculty extended the due date.
genuine
real, actual, true
واقعی
- Based on the genuine extenuating circumesrances, the faculty extended the due date.
arise
rise, happen, occur, get up
برآمدن، به وجود آمدن، طلوع کردن
- Some pressure arise from observations of the grades the student’s peers receive.
amply
به طور بیش از حد، فراوان
- The term has been amply documented in many situations.
dissonance
ناهنجاری
- They lower their aspiration to relieve the dissonance between expectations and achievements.
endeavor
effort, try
تلاش کردن، سعی کردن
- He is endeavoring to help the Third World.
- Everyone endeavors to employ his capital so that its produce may be of greatest value.
pursue
follow, track, continue, follow up
تعقیب کردن، دنبال کردن
- By pursuing his own interest he promotes that to the society.
faith
belief, trust
اعتقاد، باور، عقیده
- It is the core of the faith that markets know best.
prone
متمایل
- It seems that the market will be prone to persistent disequilibrium and instability.
eqilibrate
- In many markets prices do not change fast enough to eqilibrate supply and demand.
outstrip
surpass, pas, leave behind
جاگذاشتن، پیشی گرفتن، سریعتر رفتن از
- The growing prices outstripped the federal benefits.
supplement
complete, fullfill
تکمیل کردن
- She took the job to supplement her husband’s income.
- They forced to seek private insurance to supplement the basic insurance.
stagnate
stop flowing, become trapped
راکد شدن، از حرکت ایستادن
- Number of registered vehicles grew fast while public transportation stagnated.
controversial
dialectic
بحث برانگیز
- Conceptualization of behavioral structure is often controversial.
disaggregate
separate
- In the late version of the model, the modeler disaggregated the construction of new roads from widening the existing ones.
noted
considerable
قابل ملاحظه، قابل توجه
- The delay between initiation of the construction process and the completion is noted.
keep sth at the accedpted level
- Traffic engineers seek to keep travle time at the accepted level.
compensate
give in exchange, retaliate, counterbalance
جبران کردن، تلافی کردن
- All loops compensate for any new road construction by increasing the traffic volume.
- Management compensated us for the time we worked.
- Apologies will not compensate for this damage.
unattractive
unappealing, disgusting
all the while
در تمام مدت
- All the while, the number of cars on the roads grow.
vain attempt
- They were pushing traffic farther into the countryside, in a vain attempt to ease congestion.
ridership
the number of passengers using a particular form of public transportation
deficit
کمبود، کسر درآمد
- If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.
cut
reduce the amount or quantity of
کاهش دادن
- By their cost cutting plan, the frequency of service cut.
choke off
to prevent or stop the free flow of sth
to suddenly stop the movement/progress of sth
جلو چیزی را گرفتن، باعث توقف شدن
- High tariffs choked off trade between the two countries.
- The agencz tries to choke off the smuggling into the US.
- The raising fares choke of ridership.
offset
خنثی کردن، متعادل کردن
- The transit authority attempts to build up the mass transit network to offset the eroding ridership.
be well suited to
بسیار مناسب برای
- The causal diagrams are well suited to represent interdependencies and feedbacks.
capture
gain, catch
- The new structure captures the relationship between incidence and prevalence.
- The causal diagrams are used to capture interdependencies and feedbacks.
capture someone’s imagination
to stimulate someone’s imagination
- The story of the young wizard has captured the imagination of the world’s children.
reservoir
مخزن پاب، منبع
derivative
مشتق
- The net rate of change of any stock is its derivative.
- It is the problematic derivative from the exposure to the toxins.
lag behind sth
عقب افتادن، نسبت به چیزی تاخیر داشتن
- Don’t lag behind us or you’ll get lost.
- The output lags behind input.
shrink
کوچک شدن، آب رفتن، چروک شدن
- The delivery rate exceeds the mailing rate and the stock of mail in transit shrinks.
- The workforce has shrunk to less than a thousand
buffer
lessen or moderate the impact of sth
- Without a stock of grain to buffer the differences between production and consumption, people would starve between harvests.
throughput
توان عملیاتی
arbitrary
hojdhvd
- The choice of time period is arbitrary.
inability
one of the most important limitation of causal diagrams is their inability to capture the stock and flow.
deplete
empty, unload, discharge, evacuate
خال کردن، تهی کردن
- Information about the size and composition of accounts payable can not be depleted by usage.
- Shipments to customers deplete finished inventory.
equivalent
similar, alike, resembling
برابر، معادل، مترادف
- Though the model is mathematically equivalent to the model with auxiliaries, it is harder to explain and modify.
numerator
صورت کسر
- In the reduced form, population enters the equation for the rate of change of population in both the numerator and denominator.
denominator
مخرج کسر
- In the reduced form, population enters the equation for the rate of change of population in both the numerator and denominator.
with the premise that
با این فرض (منطقی) که
- It should be replaced by providing economic model with the premise that inner-city businesses should be profitable and positioned to compete on a regional, national, and even international scale.
close the deficit
جلو کاهش چیزی را گرفتن
- If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.
cost cutting
کاهش هزینه
- If transit authority tries to close its deficit by cost cutting, service and quality erode.
poin into
- Inflows are represented by arrow pointing into the stock.
point out of
- Outflows are represented by arrow pointing out of the stock.
in effect
effectively, in essence, basically
- The prices remain in effect until it is changed.
- Testimony that in effect contradicted her earlier statement.
can be thought of as …
- In terms of a metaphor, a stock can be thought of as a bathtub and a flow can be thought of as a faucet and pipe assembly that fills or drains the stock.
in excess of
more than, greater than
- The book sold in excess of a million copies.
- The deficit is the yearly amount that the U.S. federal government spends in excess of its revenues, while the debt is the accumulation of all the previous deficits (less the debt that has been retired).
accomplish
fulfill, carry out, complete
- It can only be accomplished via an international agreement.
at a constant level
- When the flow is at a constant level, the growth shape for the stock is linear because of the accumulation process.
analogous
comparable, similar, like, corresponding, related, equivalent, resembling
- In this case, price would be analogous to the stock variable and rate of inflation would be the analogous to the inflow variable.
- The positive feedback process is analogous to the spread of an infectious disease.
mimic
imitate, emulate, assume, pattern, simulate
تقلید کردن
- The result of having the inflow oscillating in a sinusoidal manner is that the stock is being filled and drained repeatedly as it mimics the inflow’s time path character.
- They use prescribed fire to mimic the historical fire regimes.
instantaneously
in a flash, outright, instantly
بلافاصله
- Despite human impatience, events in the world do not occur instantaneously. Instead, there is often a significant lag between cause and effect.
- Many systems do not respond instantaneously to the changes.
lag
delay, deferment
- Despite human impatience, events in the world do not occur instantaneously. Instead, there is often a significant lag between cause and effect.
substitute
replace, exchange, replacement
جانشین کردن، تعویض کردن، جانشین
- By sustituting the equation for demand into the main equation, the auxiliary variables can be eliminated.
- Soy milk is used as a substitute for dairy milk.
- Valuse of substitutes affect the relative value of oil.
cut down on sth
to reduce the amount of something or of doing something; to use or buy less of something
- You will have to cut down on the time it takes you to get ready in the morning.
- The doctor told him to cut down on his drinking.
- If the number of waiting customers increases, the employees cut down on breaks.
instantaneous
immediate
فوری
- No one can measure the instantaneous value of any flow.
quantized
discrete set of values
تکه تکه، تدریجی
- Most flows are actually quantized, meaning they can not be divided into arbitrary small units. Oil tankers are commissioned one at a time - it is not meaningful to speak of launching half a tanker.
divisible
بخش پذیر
- Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.
Just as …, so too ….
- Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.
descrete
گسسته، مجزا
- Just as time can be represented as unfolding continuously or in discrete intervals, so too the units flowing into and out of stocks can be thought of either as continuously divisible or as a discrete numbers of items.
get started (with)
begin (with).
- The meeting got started at 9:35 AM.
- What time did you get started with the meeting?
get to ( + verb)
be allowed to; be permitted to
- What did your parents say about the rock concert? Do you get to go?
- As always the modeler must get to know the clients deeply and early in the modeling process.
get (someone) to ( + verb)
persuade someone
- What did your parents say about the rock concert? Did you get them to give you permission to go?
in the wake of
In the aftermath of, as a consequence of, as a result of
- In 1979 the US experienced a severe gasoline shortage in the wake of the revolution in Iran.
- We had no place to live in the wake of the fire.
- In the wake of the storm, there were many broken tree limbs.
It is wise to …
عاقلانه است که …
- It is wise to identifz the main stocks in a szstem and then the flows that alter those stocks.
break down sth into ….
- The process can be broken down into more steps.
- Breaking down complex problems into their components is almost fun.
- Let’s break this issue down and discuss it.
split sth into sth
to divide or sever something into something
- Toward disaggregation, it is possible to split the assembly process into subassemblies.
- Please split this log in half so it will burn better.
useless
- Obviously such a model would be just as complex as the real world and quite useless.
to address the purpose
- It is better to start with a high-level, aggregate representation and add detail if needed to address the purpose.
relative to sth/sbd
in proportion to sth/smn
- Stocks with short residence times relative to the time scale do not need to be represented explicitly.
- I can spend an amount of money relative to my salary.
- The population is small relative to the carrying capacity.
concerning sth/smn
- I have something to say relative to Bill.
- Do you have any information relative to the situation in South America?
lump into
- Stocks with short residence times relative to the time scale do not need to be represented explicitly and can either be omitted or lumped into adjacent stocks.
short-lived
- In a long-term model some stocks are too short-lived to require explicit treatment.
assume
suppose or believe something without any proof
- First, based on your question, we’ll assume you’re a recent college graduate.
presume
suppose something without proof, based on probability (to be sure of something before it happened)
- Drawing the map with a source for the production presumes that the supply of parts is unlimited and can never constrain the production start rate.
cut back cut back (on sth)
shorten, decrease
- The factory cut back production because of budget problems.
- You simply must cut back on office expenses.
deter
prevent, discourage, frighten
- Focus on analytic solutions deters many people from study of calculus.
- The positive feedback generating growth while the negative feedbacks deter usage which results in boom and boost pattern.
give insight into sth
- The chapter also illustrates how stock and flow dynamics give insight into two important policy issues
relate
describe, disclose, detail, present
- The modeler must be able to relate the behavior of the stocks and flows an a the system.
trajectory
path, route, curve, direction
- The index has returned to the trajectory it was on prior to the imposition of the wage and price control.
- I considered the amzing trajectory of recent advances in airport development.
- The trajectory of the system in time shoew an ever-invreasing acceleration.
amplitude
دامنه، بزرگی، نوسان
- The outflow fluctuates at an average of 100 with a period of 12 months and an amplitude of +-50 units/month.
linearly
- For the first 10 weeks the stock declines linearly.
in dispute
Disagreed about, in controversy
- Despite the scientific uncertainty, several fact are not in dispute.
- The origin of his family is in dispute.
though
گرچه، هرچند
- Mean global surface temprature has been rising, though not in a steady pattern.
consensus
اجماع، توافق
- The was no consensus of opinion among judges.
- Nevertheless, consensus about the dynamics of global climate system is emerging.
- The studies come to Consensus that ….
inconsistency
incoherence, contradiction
تناقض
- He analyzed many of the most used models, identifying a number of problems and inconsistencies in them.
violate the law
نقض قانون
- The model violates the law of conseration of mass.
emissivity
the ability of a surface to emit radiant energy compared to that of a black body at the same temperature and with the same area
- GHG reduce the emissivity of the atmosphere enough to warm the surface of the earth.
at the other extreme
از سوی دیگر
- Louise goes to the gym every day. At the other extreme, her husband does absolutely no exercise at all.
counterintuitive
opposite to what seems obvious or natural, senseless, contradictory, implausible, illogical
- The direction we had to follow was counterintuitive—we had to go north first before we went south.
- The reults were counterintuitive.
uptake (take-up)
an act of taking up; a lifting
- The increased concentration of CO2 stimulates uptake of carbon by plants.
loose position to
- After 17th century, Amsterdam lost most of its position in global trade, mainly to London.
keep sone/sth out
to prevent someone or something from getting into something or some place
- Keep your kids out of my yard.
- They kept Dorothy out of the discussion.
- Regional trams were kept out of the city as much as possible.
fall into decay
degenerate
به انحطاط و فروپاشی افتادن
- The house was very old and had fallen into decay.
- Meanwhile the inner city had fallen into decay, and people moved out.
though not in a steady pattern
- Mean global surface temerature has been rising, though not in a steady pattern.
show up
to appear, to be seen
- Changes in GHG emissions only slowly show up in changes in global temperature.
portray
depict, illustrate, render, mimic, image
- The left side of the figure portrays the global carbon cycle; while the right side portrays the global heat balance.
dissolve
- Higher concentration of CO2 increases the rate at which it dissolves into the mixed layer of the ocean.
take sth up
to absorb sth
- The old sponge doesn’t take much water up.
to adopt sth new
- I see you’ve taken a new lifestyle up.
abyssal
بسیار عمیق
- It models the mixing between abyssal and surface ocean water.
adjacent
near, close, successive, nearby, follwing
مجاور، متوالی، نزدیک
- The model disaggregates the water column into number of distinct states and simulate the transfer of carbon between adjacent layers explicitly.
draw down
To deplete something by consuming or spending
- The embargo drew down our food reserves. The increased costs drew our budget down.
to pull down
- She drew the shades down to cut off the bright sunlight. She drew down the shades.
sequester
جداکردن، توقیف کردن، مصادره کردن
- The flow drows down the carbon sequestered in global stocks of fossil fuels.
differential
a difference between amounts of things
- The rate of heat transfer depends on the differential between different layers.
insolation
تابش
- The shading devices reduce insolation.
evolve
develop or achieve gradually, undergo gradual change
- knowledge of the system theory is still evolving.
drive
urge or force, stimulate
تحریک کردن
- Among positive feedbacks those drive climate change are changes in surface albedo.
- The impact of warming on sea level may also be driven by positive feedback.
albedo
بازتاب
- Among positive feedbacks those drive climate change are changes in surface albedo.
come into play
to become an important factor in sth; to be involved
- At present it is not known whether the negative or positive feedbacks dominate the dynamics nor how the dominance of the loops might change as various nonlinearities come into play.
be appointed to
منصوب شدن، تعیین شدن
- A new federal agency was appointed to oversee the campaign.
oversee
نظارت
supervise
- A new federal agency was appointed to oversee the campaign.
coincide with sth
- My birthday sometimes coincides with Thanksgiving Day.
- The drop in reported use coincided with the sharp increase in the seizure rate.
seizure
تصرف، توقیف، غصب
- The drop in reported use coincided with the sharp increase in the seizure rate.
interdiction
prohibition, embargo, forbiddance
- The critics, citing the failure of prohibition, argued that interdiction could never work.
The stakes are high
used to describe a situation that has a lot of risk and in which someone is likely to either get or lose an advantage
prosecute
دنبال کردن، تحت پیگرد قرار دادن
bring/institute legal proceedings against
- They were prosecuted for obstructing the highway
keep on with, engage with
- The drug war was prosecuted and data series were collected.
primacy
superiority, advantage, excellence, preference
برتری، تقدم
- Each agency argued for the primacy and correctess of its data enforcement programs as they struggled to gain a larger share of devoted budget.
- Their primacy in war was unprecedented.
struggle
- Each agency argued for the primacy and correctess of its data enforcement programs as they struggled to gain a larger share of devoted budget.
Substitution
تعویض
- They proposed the substitution of new materials for the old ones.
underrepresent
کمرنگ جلوه دادن، حضور کمرنگ داشتن
- Management has seriously underrepresented the firm’s financial problems.
compulsive
uncontrollable, irresistible, fascinating, compelling
اجباری، غیرقابل مقاومت
- Some casual users find that they can not control their cocaine consumption and become compulsive users.
relapse
عود، برگشت
- He suffered a relapse of migraine for a long time.
- Transitional users can relapse, becoming active users again.
escalate
increase rapidly, go up, inflate
تشدید شدن
- It took one week for a localized event to escalate to world war.
- He escalated the argument into a vicious fight.
bring into contact with
- The social networks of drug-users expand, bringing more people into contact with the drug.
- Don’t bring your hand in contact with the poison.
exposure
the state of being exposed to contact with something
در معرض قرار گرفتن
- It was their first exposure to big city life.
- The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.
benign
خوش خیم، بیخطر، مهربان
- Her face was calm and benign.
- The tumor is benign.
- Potential users view the the drug as benign.
comparatively
نسبتا
- Price has comparatively a modest effect.
confer (on) with sb
مشورت کردن
- The officials are conferring with allies.
confer sth on(up) sb
اعطا کردن، بخشیدن، دادن
- They conferred degrees on 300 graduates this year.
- The high prices and scarcity of drugs confer social status on those who can provide drugs for friends at parties.
chik
- The entertainment industry reinforced the chic image of the drug.
recency
تازگی
- the recency of use has been captured by the loop R1.
affordable
مقرون به صرفه
- Wider availability and lower prices make cocaine affordable and accessable to all.
supply-side vs demand-side
supply-side vs demand-side
understate
دست کم گرفتن، اظهار نکردن حقیقت
- The study shows the survey data were substantially understating the prevalence of drug use.
substantially
به طور قابل ملاحظه ای
- The study shows the survey data were substantially understating the prevalence of drug use.
reconcile (sth with sth)
وفق دادن، تطبیق دادن، آشتی دادن
- The stock and flow structure helps reconcile the apparently contradictory data.
- I can’t reconcile your story with those of the other witnesses.
- She wanted to be reconciled with her father
in hindsight
در حقیقت (با توجه به گذشته) ب
- In hindsight it seems quite obvious that the data should be challanged.
- David realized, in hindsight, that he should have finished school.
overstate
اغراق کردن
- The survey overstated the decline in drug use.
confound
گیج کردن، پریشان گردن
confuse, distract
- The data showing decline in recent use confounded the actual decline in use with the increase in underreporting.
- Do not confound the problem by losing your temper!
- Don’t confound fiction and fact!
apparent
clear, certain, phenomenal
- The Justice dep. commissioned a study to solve the apparent paradox of declining cocaine use and rising arrests.
commission
appoint, assign
گماشتن، ماموریت دادن
- The Justice dep. commissioned a study to solve the apparent paradox of declining cocaine use and rising arrests.
experiment with sth/sb
to try different experiments on someone or something
- They are supposed to be experimenting with new drugs.
reclassify
- Transitional are users reclassified as ex-users, after a yrea without any cocaine use.
hang with
spend or waste time with
- He just was hanging with me all the weekend.
social exposure
- The strength of the social exposure depends on how chic cocaine is perceived to be.
affirmatively
مثبت، تاییدکننده
- They responded affirmatively when asked if they had ever used drug.
stratify
form or arrange into strata
طبقه طبقه (چینه چینه) کردن
- They believe their samples are properly stratified.
- In a society stratified by economic classes, economic slavery will continue to exist even if the conditions for its abolition are possible.
derive
مشتق شدن، نتیجه گرفتن
extract, proceed from, originate in
- The concept is derived from many different fields.
- Model estimated were derived ti be consistent with other data.
diminishing
کاهشی
- The model estimates for the actual population of those who have ever used drug continue to rise, though at a diminishing rate.
cynically
بدبینانه، خیره چشمانه
- The used the data cynically to manupulate the public opinion and nobody recognized the flaw in the data.
favorable
مطلوب
- They manupulated the data to make it more favorable to the administration.
persuasively
به گونه اي متقاعدكننده
- The model showed persuasively that the survey data underestimated the cocaine use.
abate
to reduce, diminish
- The epidemic began to abate.
correspondence of sth to sth
تناظر، تشابه
- The correspondence of the witness’s statement with the known facts suggests that he is telling the truth.
halt
ایستادن، ایست کردن
bring or come to an abrupt stop
- The cocaine use was halted primarily by public perceptions of cocaine’s health and legal risks.
as …, so does….
- As the initiation rate grew exponentially, so did the stock of active casual users.
inevitably
unavoidably
به ناچار
- The dynamic structure of the model inevitably mean that the population growth is responsible for the use.
social acceptablity
- The exponential growth of drug did eventually reduce the social acceptability of drug.
public awareness
- The strength of the channels of public awareness is critical in growth of epidemic.
promising
امیدبخش، نویدبخش، امیدوار
- It has a big community of promising young people.
abundance
a very large quantity of something
وفور، فراوانی
- The very abundance of cocaine, by leading to a large increase in personal knowledge of its harmful effects, led people to turn away from it.
turn away from
دور شدن
withdraw of
- The very abundance of cocaine, by leading to a large increase in personal knowledge of its harmful effects, led people to turn away from it.
crave
feel a powerful desire for sth
آرزو و اشتیاق داشتن
- Those who crave the scape from the world turned to other drugs.
ultimately
- The cocaine epidemic is ultimately self-limiting.
self-limiting
- The cocaine epidemic is ultimately self-limiting.
resurgence
revitalization, rebirth
تجدید حیات
- The resurgence of heroin use happened after decline in cocaine because people always sought out mind-altering substance.
accumulate
تجمیع کردن، روی هم انباشته کردن
- The state of the system accumulates its net inflow rate.
deduce
conclude, draw
نتیجه گرفتن، استنباط کردن، کم کردن
- The behavior of the first-order linear system can be deduced graphically.
in proportion to
در مقایسه با، نسبت به
in relation to; in comparison with
- You spend far too much time on that work in proportion to its importance.
- When the rate equation is linear, net inflow grows exactly in proportion to the state of the system.
so too
- Every time the state of the system doubles, so too will its absolute rate of increase.
principal
capital
سرمايه اصلي
- The principal and prevailing interest rate determine the interest payment.
principal
Fundamental, main, dominant, leading
- The principal source of supply was the EU market.
in time
within an indefinite time
- The trajectory of the system in time shows an ever-increasing acceleration.
intuitively
به صورت ادراكي، حسي
- The implication of exponential growth is intuitively difficult to grasp.
phenomenon
experience, happening, fact
پديده، نمود، عارضه
- The underestimation of exponential growth is a pervasive and robust phenomenon.
pervasive
prevalent, common, widespread, universal
فراگير
- The underestimation of exponential growth is a pervasive and robust phenomenon.
to take action
واكنش نشان دادن، اقدام كردن
- By the time feedbacks are available it is too late to take effective action.
immune to sth
not affected by a given influence
- They are far from immune to overconfidence.
- Snakes are immune to their own poison.
huge gulf between ….
huge gap between …
- The results showed a huge gulf between the estimates of scientists compared to the economists.
overcome
To deal with successfully, to defeat
- He tried to overcome the obstacles of poverty.
- Overcoming overconfidence requires greater humility about the limits of our expertise.
humility
فروتنی، تواضع
- He is a man of modesty and humility above all else,
- Overcoming overconfidence requires greater humility about the limits of our expertise.
reciprocal
bilateral, mutual, double-faced, two-sided
دوطرفه، متقابل، دوجانبه
- I was hoping for reciprocal friendship.
- The reciprocal of X is 1/X.
implicit
مطلق، التزامی، بی شرط، ضمنی
- In the case of exponential decay, such as death rate, the goal is implicit and equal to zero.
corrective action
- The corrective actions cause the inventory shortfall to diminish, reducing the net inflow until the discrepancy is eliminated.
sth treat sth in isolation
- The discussion treated the positive and negative loops in isolation.
offset each other
یکدیگر را جبران کردن، خنثا کردن
- Births and deaths may offset each other which bring population into dynamic equilibrium.
abundant
many, plenty, plentiful, numerous
فراوان
- The environment contains abundant resources.
extinction
خاموشی، انقراض
- When deaths exceed births, the population decays to extinction.
superposition
برهمنهی
- The behavior of the system is the sum, or superposition, of the behaviors generated by individual loops.
to be far from sth
Not at all, anything but
- They are far from immune to overconfidence.
- Realistic systems are far from linear.
justifiable
قابل توجیه
- The crisis is not financially justifiable.
- Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.
reliance
اعتماد
- Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.
avoidance
اجتناب
- Reliance on linear theory and the avoidance of non-linear systems was justifiable prior to computer simulation.
hamper
hinder, impede, stop
- The power of linear theory has hampered the development of realistic and robust models of complexity.
carrying capacity
ظرفیت حمل یا کشش، توانایی تحمل
- With ecological planning, Bulgaria could become the first balanced nation on earth, by linking its population to its carrying capacity and wild environment.
- The population is small relative to the carrying capacity.
be at maxima
- When the population density is small, both fractional birth rate and life expectancy are at their biological maxima.
inflection point
نقطه عطف
- The peak point corresponds to the inflection point in the trajectory of population in the time domain.
symmetric
متقارن
- The parabola is symmetric around its peak.
sth occurs halfway to the sth
- The maximum rate occurs preceisely halfway to the capacity.
susceptible to sth
مستعد پذیرش، حساس
- Infants and the elderly are more susceptible to illness than other people.
infectious
عفونی، واگیردار، مسری
- Is the patient still infectious?
- Total population represented in the model is divided into two main categories: those are infectious and those are susceptible to the disease.
chronic
persisting for a long time
مزمن
- The model applies to chronic infections.
come into contact with sbd
- Infectious diseases spread as infectious people come into contact with and pass the disease to those who are susceptible.
absolution
release from consequences
resolution
….
dissolution
….
student syndrome
…
student syndrome
…
proactive
….
reductionism
….
mental attitude
mental state
extenuating circumstances
special (but otherwise unspecified) circumstances that account for an irregular or improper way of doing something شرایط خاص
- Mary was permitted to arrive late because of extenuating circumstances.
- Due to extenuating circumstances, the teacher will not meet with the class today.
unprecedented
unique, incomparable, inapproachable, new, novel
- Their primacy in war was unprecedented.
- The government took the unprecedented step of releasing confidential correspondence.
cost overrun
هزینه اضافی
- Delays, cost overruns, and quality problems in commercial new product development can kill a company, particularly in high-velocity industries.
high-velocity
پرشتاب، سرعت زیاد
- Delays, cost overruns, and quality problems in commercial new product development can kill a company, particularly in high-velocity industries.
preselected
از پیش تعیین شده
- A common critisism of model is that parameters and assumptions are “cooked” to achieve a preselected outcome.
merely
فقط، منحصرن
- They argued that the model was merely a complicated ruse to impress the jurry.
garbage in, garbage out
- The meals are pretty poor but then they never use fresh ingredients - garbage in, garbage out.
ruse
trick, deception
حیله، فریب
- They argued that the model was merely a complicated ruse to impress the jurry.
uptime
زمان کارکرد
time during which a machine, especially a computer, is in operation
reactive
واکنشی، انفعالی
- The stock of defects is drained by two flows of reactive repair and proactive maintenance.
proactive
فعال
- The stock of defects is drained by two flows of reactive repair and proactive maintenance.
exclude sth from sth
- I excluded chocolate cake from the shopping list.
speculator
سفته باز، زمین خوار، بورس باز
- When the prices are progressive, otherspeculators are attracted to increase their stocks.
speculative bubble
حباب قیمتی، حباب بورس بازی
- An example of positive feedbacks whithin the structure of a market is speculative bubbles.
transcend
برتري يافتن
- Systems thinking transcends disciplines and cultures and overarches history.
overarch
pass over sth
- Systems thinking transcends disciplines and cultures and overarches history.
overshoot
an act of going past or beyond a point, target, or limit (too fast or being unable to stop)
- The delays in the negative loops could cause congestion to overshoot the desirable level.
- They overshot their intended destination.
elasticity
- Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.
latter
second, last
- Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.
former
previous, older
- Elasticity can be quantified as the ratio of the percentage change in one variable to the percentage change in another variable, when the latter variable has a causal influence on the former.
responsiveness
reactivity
- Elasticity is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another, causative variable.
causative
سبب شونده
- Elasticity is a tool for measuring the responsiveness of one variable to changes in another, causative variable.
turning point
نقطه عطف
- Nevertheless, the model’s ability to capture the turning point in the epidemic, from exponential growth to gradual decline, is quite remarkable.
boom and boost pattern
الگوی جهش و افول
- The positive feedback generating growth while the negative feedbacks deter usage which results in boom and boost pattern.
outline
- The feedback structure outlined in the Figure is quite general and applies to any harmful drug, legal or illegal.
overconfidence
- Overconfidence is one of the most robust judgmental biases documented in the psychological literature.
debate over sth
- They are considering the debates over global warming.
versatile
skilled, skillful, able
Personally, I found this old school method to be extremely useful and versatile.
lose track/trace of sth/sbd
- However, Citavi frees you from worrying about losing track of your sources and all the tasks related to your project.
continue to do so
- In each discipline knowledge has accumulated over the centuries and continues to do so.
disseminate
spread, disperse
- In the age of digital texts and electronic storage, knowledge can now be disseminated faster than ever before.
lament
تاسف خوردن
- The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.
drown
غرق شدن
- The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.
starve
از گرسنگی مردن
- The political scientist John Naisbitt has lamented that we are drowning in information but starved for knowledge.
dilemma
وضع دشوار، دوراهی
- Dilemma is a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives.
obtain
take, catch, grab
- Cheap and good information cannot be obtained quickly.
judge sth on its own merit
judge someone on one’s own merit
- Please judge Janet on her own merits.
- I was judged on my own merits.
- The proposal has not been judged on its own merits.
retention
keeping, preservation, memory
- The method provides guides for information retention.
long after
- Abstracts make it easier to assess whether or not an article is worth reading, and they also make it easier to remember what an article was about long after you’ve read it.
excerpt
take (a short extract) from a text
- The notes are excerpted from his forthcoming biography.
- Excerpting important text passages is particularly easy if you have the full text
in PDF format.
paraphrase
express the meaning of using different words, especially to achieve greater clarity
- You can either quote or paraphrase literary texts.
be about to
approximately, nearly, almost
- The job is about done.
- I’m about to finish working with a particular source.
retentive
- He has a strong retentive memory.
preserve
retain, keep
- You should also be able to integrate it with other information and your own knowledge and preserve it so that you can use it again.
drawback
bug, difficulty, disadvantage, impediment
- This method also has the drawback that it doesn’t allow you to trace relationships between texts.
juxtapose
place or deal with close together for contrasting effect
پهلوی هم گذاشتن
- You can even juxtapose a quotation from one author with a quotation from another.
leeway
راه گریز، آزادی
- Regardless of how much leeway you have, a logical structure is always expected.
- The leeway is only about 2°.
flesh sth out
fill out, fatten, expand, become more substantial
- I fleshed it out with every reference, quotation, and thought.
whichever
- Whichever routes you ultimately take, that general roadmap may serve as a useful guide.
disclose
reveal, give away, manifest
فاش کردن، آشکار کردن
- Writing a research paper requires you to disclose your methods so that others can reproduce your results,
come up with
to think of, develop, find sth, to bring forth
- They’ve tried to come up with a solution.
- Over the summer they’re hoping to come up with 100,000 volunteers.
- They came up with a cure for the disease.
group sth into
- Writing an academic research paper involves many individual tasks which can
be grouped into different stages.
pay off
to yield profits; to result in benefits
- Using Citavi will pay off during the Research.
narrow down
to reduce a list of possibilities from many to a selected few
- We can narrow the choice down to green or red.
- Define the question, narrow down the materials you will use.
refine
- By taking a look at abstracts in articles that are relevant to your topic, you can further refine the formulation of your research questions.
wrapped up in
Completely immersed or absorbed in
- At the first steps, it makes sense not to get too wrapped up in Details.
- She is wrapped up in her studies.
- They were wrapped up in criminal activities.
sift
غربال کردن، الک کردن، وارسی کردن
- You often need to sift through irrelevant, disorganized, obscure, and inaccurate information to find relevant and appropriate sources.
error-free
- The quality and reliability of the information can fluctuate and the Information cannot always be assumed to be error-free.
every once in a while
From time to time, occasionally
- Every once in a while an online database will appear to offer a standard export format.
excerpt sth from sth
to select a part of something from the whole
- A few paragraphs had been excerpted from the film as an example.
reproducibility
- The reproducibility of methods and results is one of the cornerstones of academic writing and should inform how you write your paper.
cornerstone
سنگ بنا
- The reproducibility of methods and results is one of the cornerstones of academic writing and should inform how you write your paper.
jargon
زبان یک صنف خاص
- Do not overload your paper with jargon in an
attempt to sound more scholarly as this often fails.
lay out
to arrange according to a plan, to display
- Your thought process and conclusions should also be laid out in a logical
way.
leverage
to exert power / influence on sth
- Learn how to leverage the medium’s strengths and minimize its weaknesses.
- There is a way to leverage existing relationships in a shared business model.
- Development in the Region involves leveraging existing regional assets.
symbiotic relationship
رابطه همزیستی
- A symbiotic relationship exist between Miami port and Miami intl. Airport.
entail
مستلزم (متضمن) چیزی بودن
- The investment entailed a high risk.
- ACD may entails large capital-incentive Projects.
designation
specification, Determination
تعیین، تشخیص
- The Airport has applied for foreign trade Zone Designation to Support tax-free manufacturing.
nonbinding
غیرالزام آور
- Airport officials invited 9 neighboring jurisdications to sign a nonbinding MoU.
be grounded
based on
- The movie is grounded in fact.
- The Research is grounded in the literature of Airport structure.
at odds
در تضاد
- These two chapters are not necessarily at odds.
departure from …
واگرایی از، جدا شدن از
- The purpose of this chapter is a Major departure from dominant themes.
postulate
انگاره، ادعا، پذیره
- The General prespective arise from a minimal set of Basic postulates or ideas.
hereafter
- Here, a list of Cargo Carrieres (hereafte CC).
obviousness
Despite the obviousness of the idea, there are a few who attempted to identify the city region.
amalgam
mixture, blend
ملقمه
- The city Region is an amalgam of activity centers.
immediate vicinity
مجاورت، بستگی
proximity, dependency, Connection
- There are certainly some jobs to be had in the immediate vicinity of an Airport.
be taken for granted
to be considered innately true or real
-Many studies have taken that assumption for granted.
accrue
اضافه شدن، منتچ گردیدن
- It is the Region, where the benefits of airport accrue.
- Financial benefits will accrue from renovation.
rivalry
رقابت، هم آوری، هم چشمی
- As the land-use within a certain distance of the Airport is a scarce source, spatial developments induced by the economic effects of Airports also produce land-use rivalry.
decisiveness
قاطعیت
- his very decisiveness sometimes gave the impression that his judgments were hasty.
multiplier
افزاینده، فکتور، ضرب کننده
- He Claims that the economic Multipliers often used to describe airports’ economic effects are unmeaningful.
profound
deep, deep-rooted
عمیق، عمقی
- The effects of aviation on urban planning are profound.
- Airports made profound changes to the economic and geographic structure of American cities.
fall into disuse
- The Airport facilities have fallen into disuse after the war.
pay off
to have good results
- Their persistent efforts paid off.
spring up
to appear or develop suddenly
- When the flowers sprang up, we knew it was spring.
- New loci of Business activities sprang up around Airports.
loci
Location, place
- New loci of Business activities sprang up around Airports.
proponent
طفدار، استدلال کننده
- Local aviation proponents played a crucial role in fostering these changes by campaigning for increased airline services.
foster
encourage, cultivate, stimulate
- Local aviation proponents played a crucial role in fostering these changes by campaigning for increased airline services.
nexus
relation, connection, dynasty
پیوند، ارتباط
- He observed how airports were creating new suburban Centers as a nexus between pruducers and suppliers.
multifaceted
چندوجهی
- Airports are transport nodes that have morphed into multifaceted Business Enterprises.
outgrowth
result, outcome, consequence, conclusion, effect
- The idea emerges as an outgrowth and Integration of Kasarda’s work.
outlying
دور از مرکز
- The aerotropolis consists of a core ‘‘airport city’’ with outlying aviation-oiented Business precincts.
precinct
enclosure, area, realm, part
- The aerotropolis consists of a core ‘‘airport city’’ with outlying aviation-oiented Business precincts.
pillar
رکن، پایه
They utilized the three conventional pillars of sustainable development: economic, environmental, and social.
pertain
مربوط بودن، متعلق بودن
Governance pertains to how better planning frameworks have been addressed.
in the aggregate
در مجموع
Unit sales for December amounted in the aggregate to 100,000.
differentially
متفاوت
- Some of the factors that differentially promote airport economic development have already been highlighted.
impede
- Lack of interstate highway access has impeded the development of Transpark.
overshadow
تحت اشعاع قرار دادن
- The development plan was completely overshadowed by the new logistics park.
jaxtapose
place or deal with close together for contrasting effect
پیش هم گذاشتن، پهلوی هم قرار گرفتن
- Inevitably, the spaces of the haves are juxtaposed with the spaces of the have-nots as cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.
inevitably
به ناچار
- Inevitably, the spaces of the haves are juxtaposed with the spaces of the have-nots as cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.
splinter into
break or cause to break into small sharp fragments
- The cities splinter into
archipelago
مجمع الجزایر
- Cities splinter into archipelagos of privileged and exclusionist spaces.
crossfire
gunfire from two or more directions passing through the same area
- Airport regions lie in the crossfire of differing ambitions.
tacitly
به طور ضمنی
- Other models tacitly imply that sustainable developments must be linked to area-based consultation mechanism.
set apart from
متفاوت کردن، جدا کردن
- One characteristics that sets apart SD from other methods is that it doesn’t aim to give a detailed forecast of the future.
sustain
متحمل شدن، نگه داشتن، تحمل کردن
- The relationship between economic growth and the resources that sustain it, is dinamic and constantly changing.
extrapolate
generalize, infer
تعمیم دادن
- The guidlines can be easily extrapolated to other cases.
undergo
متحمل چیزی شدن
- The dominant positive Loop causes the System to undergo an exponential take-off.
assortment
طبقه بندی
taxonomy, classification, grouping
- There is quite an assortment of models.
slanted
تحریف شده
- Their views are slanted because of their political beliefs.
govern
حکومت کردن، کنترل کردن
- SD model is determined by the equations govern the the relationships between different variables.
payoff
outcome
- The implementation may seem a bit cumbersome at first, but the payoff can be well worth the effort.
perimeter
environment, surroundings, Setting
- A city is a Perimeter, inside which lies the population.
occurrence
Happening, outbreak, Event
- The output of an event has impacts on the occurrence of other Events.
eradicate
ریشه کن کردن
- Our analytical ability and technical brilliance is directed toward eradicating the source of inefficiencies.
blame casting
بهانه تراشی، سرزنش کردن
- They will yield only as we reclaim our Intuition and stop casting blame.
courage and wisdom
شجاعت و حکمت
- They have to find the Courage and wisdom to restructure the System.
as the saying goes
به قول معروف
- As the sying goes, you can’t see the forest for the trees.
perpetuation
تداوم
- An important function of almost every system is to ensure its own perpetuation.
discharge
تخلیه/مرخص/عزل کردن
- They discharged a lot of water through the dam.
- He was discharged from the Hospital soon after registration.
- He discharged all department staff.
insignificant
ناچیز
- In the bath tub example, the Evaporation is assumed to be insignificant.
breakthrough
دستیابی به موفقیت
- A breakthrough in energy efficiency is equivalent to the discovery of a new oil field.
wear out
کهنه و فرسوده شدن
- The rate at which factories wear out should be decreased.
leaps and bounds
فراز و نشیب
- The stock grows by leaps and bounds, seems that it is held within a certain behavior.
perk up
گرفتن
energize, stimulate
- I just wanted to grab a black stuff to perk me again!
grapple with
دست و پنجه نرم کردن
to deal with a problem; to get a “good hold” on a Problem
- Some parts of the world are grappling with overpopulation.
susceptibility to
استعداد، قابلیت، حساسیت
- lack of exercise increases susceptibility to disease
henceforth
از این به بعد
- When discussing fire management henceforth, the focus is on managing fire damages.
managerial prescriptions
- A better understanding of dynamical interactions can improve the managerial prescriptions.
incrementally
تدریجی
- Feedbacks among the system components incrementally adjust the state of the system.
dampen
تعدیل کردن
make less strong or intense
- Some feedbacks amplify and some others dampen the effects of original change.
endemic
بومی، همه گیر
- Self-regulating systems are endemic in nature and society.
increment
افزایش
- For each increment of time, SD adjusts the Level of each variable.
contend
ادعا کردن، ستیزه کردن
- Some authors contend that excess fuel accumulation is a direct consequence of fire exclusion.
quotient
خارج قسمت
- This dimensionless variable is the quotient of two variables
to accord with
to agree with or match up with sth
منطبق بودن، سازگار بودن، مطابق بودن
- That accords with the views of many experts who contend that the strategy was wrong.
resonate with
to feel shared emotions/beliefs w sth/sbd, to correspond closely or harmoniously w sth
همصدا شدن، همنوا شدن
- Their Actions resonate emotionally and psychologically with public opinion.
in accord with
pursuant to
هماهنگ با، در توافق با
- They acted in accord with their personal characteristics.
notion
concept, theory, thought, belief
مفهوم، تصور، عقیده
- The notion of equilibrium in a forest ecosystem may be a bit contrived.
contrived
improvised, prepared, designed
ساختگی
- The notion of equilibrium in a forest ecosystem may be a bit contrived.
in flux
in constant change; ever-changing
- The system is constantly in flux.
propel
lead, direct
سوق دادن
- This strategy propels efforts to Suppression.
eventually
در نهایت، بالاخره
- Eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the Hotel.
stem from
to result from something
ناشی شدن از
- These problems all stem from your mismanagement.
outperform
to surpass in excellence of performance; do better than
- World traffic has always outperformed world economic growth
converge
meet, merge, approach
همگرا شدن، همگرا بودن
- Jay Forrester says everything he has ever done has converged to become system dynamics.
intricate
complex, complicated
- The intricate role of airports in the economy has made the science of economic impact analysis more complicated, justifying a new look at how such studies are conducted.
refinement
purification, edification
- They have incorporated a number of refinements to address the problems identified in the study.
inexhaustible
- The cloud in a flow diagram is a stock with inexhaustible content.
residue
- The process caused the creation of a large number of chemicals, both in the quality of primary materials and in the residues.
intoxication
- As a bartender, you need to know the signs of intoxication because it’s your legal responsibility.
mitigation
- They started to implement mitigation measures after they analysed the risk of pollution.
emplacement
positioning, locating
- The emplacement of the area was of great importance for the trade between Iran,
India, China and the former Mediterranean provinces of the Roman Empire.
