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Syria and Iraq > Syria and Iraq > Flashcards

Syria and Iraq Flashcards

1
Q

What did European colonialism not represent according to Daniel Neep?

A

A radical rupture in the means by which the region was governed.

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2
Q

Who had ruled over the area we now know as Syria in the nineteenth century?

A

The Ottomans

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3
Q

What had the Ottomans done during the nineteenth century?

A

Reformed state structures

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4
Q

What had the Ottoman reforms aimed to do?

A
  • Enhance institutional efficiency
  • Enhance bureaucratic rationality
  • Enhance state autonomy
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5
Q

What was the name of the area of the Middle East where Syria now resides?

A

The Levant

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6
Q

What is the significance of the Ottoman reforms?

A

Typically modern governmental forms preceded direct European rule in the Levant.

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7
Q

How does Daniel Neep describe Ottoman governance despite their reforms?

A

“sporadic and discontinuous”

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8
Q

What prompted the intensification and centralisation of state power in the Levant?

A

The end of the First World War and the Mandatory State system.

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9
Q

How was British and Frence control extended into the Levant?

A

Through the Mandate system of the League of Nations.

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10
Q

What was the Mandate system intended to do in the Levant?

A

Transform indigenous society to modernise it and would last until the populations of the Levant could govern themselves.

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11
Q

What did the end of the First World War herald?

A

A new era of international history.

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12
Q

What was the horrific and mechanised slaughter of WW1 blamed on?

A

The structure of international politics during the nineteenth century, where great powers had struggled for military, economic, and territorial supremacy.

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13
Q

How does Daniel Neep describe the post-WW1 thinking about what led to the Great War?

A

“This unrestrained clash of sovereign wills was blamed for bringing civilisation to the brink of destruction.”

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14
Q

What was the League of Nations meant to do?

A

Transform unruly states and the international system as a whole in order to prevent a repreat of such a devastating war.

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15
Q

How did General Smuts of South Africe describe the rationale behind the Mandate system?

A

As great-power tutelage of those
‘incapable of or deficient in the power of self-government’ who required
‘nursing towards political and economic independence’.

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16
Q

How does Daniel Neep describe the Mandate system?

A

A tool for engineering global peace but also for refashioning old colonial possessions into new polities alligned to Wilsonian international liberalism.

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17
Q

What did Point 5 of Wilson’s 14 points call for?

A

“A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims… the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight”

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18
Q

What did point 14 call for?

A

“A general association of nations…guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.”

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19
Q

How did Article 22 of the League of Nations describe the mandate system?

A

“a sacred trust of civilization”

20
Q

What did the categories of A, B, and C represent under the madate system?

A

The level of advancement of each territory, A being the most advanced.

21
Q

Which category did Syria fall into?

A

A, the most advanced

22
Q

When did the British Colonial Office take over responsibiloty for Iraq?

A

February 1921

23
Q

How does Daniel Neep describe French colonial policy in Mandate Syria compared to Britains mandates?

A

It was much more interventionist and therefore less ‘Wilsonian’.

24
Q

Why did France take a much more interventionist approach to their mandates?

A

The role it saw itself performing as religious
protector of Catholics in the Middle East - “Levantine society was thought to be so fragmented that social peace could be guaranteed only by an external protector who stood above the petty squabbles of local communities.”

25
Q

What was the French attitude towards their colonial rule in the Levant?

A

They thought it was in the objective interest of the peoples of the region, even if their uncivilised state meant they could not recognise this truth for themselves.

26
Q

Other than social, what other interest did France have in the Levant?

A

Economic - they were a leading investor in the Ottoman Empire prior to the Great War and had a majority state in the Ottoman Public Debt.

27
Q

What are all states according to Daniel Neep?

A

Artificial constructs that are imposed on populations; products of political struggles for control and particular dynamics of power.

28
Q

How was the state viewed by Ottoman reformers and proponents of the Mandate system?

A

As a means to trans form society.

29
Q

What were the Ottoman reforms modelled on?

A

Techniques of government from the world’s leading powers, most notably France, Britain and Prussia.

30
Q

Did the Ottomans consider themselves to be mimicking European civilisation by implementing reforms pioneered in those countries?

A

No. They were implementing a process of modernisation which all civilised peoples were undergoing. So the reforms were civilised, not European. Europeans had simply done it first.

31
Q

What did the French do with their mandate due to the variety of identities in the territory?

A

They divided the territories under its Mandate into a patchwork of independent mini-states and special administrative units with autonomous or semi-autonomous status.

32
Q

How were the borders of the mini states and special administrative units under French control drawn?

A

In line with what the French percieved to be the ‘natural’ religio-ethnic communities of Syria.

33
Q

How did France go about ruling their new Mandatory territories and where were these practices developed?

A

They ruled Syria using the same techniques that had been used in Morocco since they took control in 1912. It relied heavily on ethnography and an intimate knowledge of local customs and culture.

34
Q

By what means was French rule based on ethnography exercised?

A

The Levant’s Service des Renseignements
(SR), founded in 1921.

35
Q

What were Service des Renseignements Officers tasked with doing?

A

Gathering military and political intelligence, and also detailed knowledge of Syrian society, from topography and economy to local customs, genealogies and histories.

36
Q

What was the role of SR officers meant to be?

A

Advisory, passing on information to military officials.

37
Q

What was the role of SR officers in practice?

A

They often sought to govern directly themselves.

38
Q

How does Daniel Neep describe French colonial rule in Syria on account of the influence of SR officers?

A

Improvised and personalised leading to a profound unevenness at the very heart of colonial government.

39
Q

What is the full name of SR officers?

A

Service des Renseignements Officers

40
Q

When did the Great Syrian Revolt begin?

A

July 1925

41
Q

What sparked the Great Syrian Revolt?

A

The particularly invasive and brutal regime of the local colonial governor, Capitaine Gabriel Carbillet.

42
Q

What is the capital of Syria?

A

Damascus

43
Q

How did the French respond when it looked like Syrian rebels were going to capture the capital in 1925?

A

The French military ordered the aerial and artillery bombardment of the city for three whole days: hundreds were killed and entire quarters of the city were levelled.

44
Q

When was the Great Syrian Revolt defeated?

A

1927

45
Q

What did the French see as the utility of colonial violence according to Daniel Neep?

A

“violence could serve as a delivery mechanism to implant the seeds of modernity within primitive societies: violence and civilisation went hand in hand”

46
Q

Who were the Troupes du Levant?

A

The French army in the Levant that enforced French colonial rule.

47
Q

What developed in Syria as a result of the instability of French colonial rule according to Elizabeth Thompson?

A

Formal groups, associations, and movements that sought to challenge the status quo and asserting the rights and interests of specific identites and social groups.

Syria and Iraq (1 decks)

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