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A Level Chemistry > Synthetic routes - aliphatic compounds > Flashcards

Synthetic routes - aliphatic compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

Name: Alkenes to Alkanes

A

Hydrogenation

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2
Q

What type of reaction is hydrogenation?

A

Addition

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3
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydrogenation?

A

> 150 degrees celsius
Catalyst - Nickel - Ni
H2 - GASEOUS hydrogen

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4
Q

Name: Alkene + Halogen

A

Halogenation

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5
Q

What type of reaction is halogenation?

A

Addition

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6
Q

What is produced by halogenation?

A

Dihaloalkane

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7
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of halogenation?

A

> Halogen solution e.g. bromine solution

> Unsaturated compound

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8
Q

Name: Alkene to Alcohol

A

Hydration

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9
Q

What type of reaction is hydration?

A

Addition

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10
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydration?

A

> H3PO4 catalyst
300 degrees celsius (HiGH)
65 atm (HIGH)
GASEOUS alkene and steam

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11
Q

Name: Alkene + hydrogen halide

A

Addition of hydrogen halides

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12
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the addition of hydrogen halides?

A

> Gaseous hydrogen halide bubble through alkene

> RT

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13
Q

What is the difference between major and minor products?

A

A major product is the product that is most likely to form as they are more stable - more alkyl chains connected.

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14
Q

Name: Alkane to Haloalkane

A

Radical substitution

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15
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of radical substitution?

A

> UV

> Halogen

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16
Q

What type of fission occurs in radical substitution?

A

Homolytic

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17
Q

Name: Haloalkane to Alcohols

A

Hydrolysis

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18
Q

What type of reaction is hydrolysis?

A

Nucleophilic substitution

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19
Q

What is an electrophile?

A

Electron pair acceptors: +

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20
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

Electron pair donors: -

21
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of hydrolylsis?

A

> NaOH
:OH^-
Heated under REFLUX

22
Q

What type of fission occurs in hydrolysis?

A

Heterolytic

23
Q

Name: Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

Oxidation of PRIMARY alcohols - with DISTILLATION

24
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of primary alcohols to aldehydes?

A

> Acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Heat gently
DISTIL immediately

25
Q

Observations of primary alcohols to aldehydes

A

Colour change from orange to green

26
Q

Name: Alcohol to Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation of PRIMARY alcohols - with REFLUX

27
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?

A

> EXCESS acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
Heat strongly
Reflux set-up to fully oxidise

28
Q

Observations of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids

A

Colour change from orange to green

29
Q

Name: Alcohol to Ketone

A

Oxidation of secondary alcohols

30
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

A

> Acidified potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

> Heat under reflux

31
Q

Further reactions of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

A

Does NOT undergo any further reactions

32
Q

Observations of the oxidation of secondary alcohols?

A

Colour change orange to green

33
Q

Name: Alcohol to Alkene

A

Dehydration

34
Q

What type of reaction is dehydration?

A

Elimination

35
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of dehydration?

A

> H2SO4 or H3PO4 (STRONG ACID)

> 170 degrees celsius (HEAT)

36
Q

Name: Alcohol to Haloalkane

A

Halide substitution

37
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of halide substitution?

A

> Heated under reflux
H2SO4 and Sodium halide ( e.g. NaCl)
H3PO4 for NaI

38
Q

Name: Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

A

Oxidation of aldehydes

39
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the oxidation of aldehydes?

A

> Acidified potassium dichromate
- K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
- React to form Cr2O7^- and H^+
Heat gently under REFLUX

40
Q

Observations of the oxidation of aldehydes?

A

Colour change from orange to green due to the oxidation state of chromium changing.

41
Q

Name: Aldehyde to Alcohol

A

Reduction of aldehyde

42
Q

What type of reaction is the reduction of aldehydes?`

A

Nucleophilic addition

43
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the reduction of aldehyde?

A

> Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III)

 - NaBH4
 - Reducing agent [H]
44
Q

What type of alcohol is formed from the reduction of aldehyde?

A

Primary alcohols

45
Q

Name: Ketone to Alcohol

A

Reduction of ketone

46
Q

What type of reaction is the reductions of ketones?

A

Nucleophilic addition

47
Q

What are the conditions/reagents of the reduction of ketones?

A

> Sodium tetrahydridoborate(III)

 - NaBH4
 - Reducing agent [H]
48
Q

What type of alcohol is formed from the reduction of ketones?

A

Secondary

A Level Chemistry (7 decks)

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