Synthetic Routes Flashcards by Shrey Shah

Q

Conditions for alkane to haloalkane

A

halogen

UV

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Q

Alkene to alkane

A

150 deg

H₂/Ni

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Q

Alkene to haloalkane

A

hydrogen halide

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Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

300 deg

60-70 atm

Steam/H₃PO₄

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Q

alcohol to alkene

A

conc. acid

heat 170 deg

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Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A

sodium halide

H₂SO₄

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Q

haloalkane to alcohol

A

dilute KOH/NaOH

H₂O

heat reflux

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Q

haloalkane to nitrile

A

NaCN/KCN

reflux with ethanol

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Q

haloalkane to amine

A

excess ammonia

heat

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Q

secondary alcohol to ketone

A

K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

reflux

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Q

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

A

K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

reflux

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Q

primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄

distill.

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Q

aldehyde (or any carbonyl) to primary alcohol

A

NaBH₄ (source of H^-)

water

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Q

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN

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Q

ketone to hydroxynitrile

A

HCN

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Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A

alcohol

conc. H₂SO₄

Q

ester to carboxylic acid

A

dilute acid, reflux

Q

ester to carboxylate

A

OH^-

heat

Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A

SOCl₂

Q

nitrile to amine

A

H₂

Ni

Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

dilute HCl

water

reflux

Q

acyl chloride to primary amide

A

NH₃

Q

acyl chloride to secondary amide

A

primary amine

Q

acyl chloride to ester

A

alcohol

benzene to nitrobenzene

HNO₃/H₂SO₄ nitration

benzene to alkyl benzene

haloalkane AlCl₃ alkylation

nitrobenzene to phenylamine

conc. HCl Sn

phenylamine to 2,4,6-tribromophenylamine

Br₂

benzene to halobenzene

X₂ AlCl₃

benzene to phenyl alkylone

acyl chloride AlCl₃ acylation

phenyl alkylone to 1-phenylalcohol

NaBH₄ reduction

phenol to 2- & 4-nitrophenol

HNO₃ nitration

phenol to 2,4,6-trihalophenol

X₂ halogenation

phenol to a phenoxide salt

NaOH(aq) neutralisation