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organic chemistry > synthetic routes > Flashcards

synthetic routes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the conditions for combustion?

A

heat and oxygen

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2
Q

What does radical substitution require?

A

UV light

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3
Q

what are the 3 steps for homolytic free-radical substitution

A

initiation- making free radicals
propagation- regeneration of free radicals
termination- two FRs join together to make a stable compound

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4
Q

why is the yield of homolytic free-radical substitution low?

A

multiple substitution/ substitution at different points on the carbon chain

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5
Q

what is required for hydrogenation?

A

high temperature and nickel catalyst

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6
Q

what can turn an alkene into an alkane?

A

hydrogenation

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7
Q

what is the test for unsaturation

A

bromine water decolourises

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8
Q

aklene + ? = haloalkane

A

halogen eg Br2/Cl2

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9
Q

what is required to turn an alkene to an alcohol

A

steam/ phosphoric acid

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10
Q

what is the name of the reaction which turns an alkene into an alcohol

A

hydration

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11
Q

what mechanism occurs when a hydrogen halide is added to an alkene

A

electrophilic addition

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12
Q

what is Markownikoff’s rule

A

hydrogen adds to the carbon with most hydrogens already attached

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13
Q

what are the conditions for addition polymerisation

A

Ni catalyst/ high temp and pressure

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14
Q

what is required for the dehydration of alcohols

A

reflux and concentrated acid

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15
Q

what are the products of the dehydration of an alcohol

A

alkene and water

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16
Q

what is the oxidising agent for alcohols

A

acidified potassium dichromate

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17
Q

primary alcohol + [O] —->

A

ketone (distillation)
carboxylic acid (reflux)

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18
Q

secondary alcohol —> ketone requires what reagents and conditions?

A

acidified potassium dichromate and reflux

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19
Q

what is the name of the mechanism that turns a haloalkane into an alcohol?

A

nucleophilic substitution

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20
Q

nucleophilic substitution (X-Cl bond takes longest as strongest BE)

what are the conditions for hydrolysis of haloalkanes

A

reflux and NaOH

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21
Q

what is the mechanism that breaks down the ozone layer

A

free radical substitution

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22
Q

what reaction allows the halogenation/ alkylation/ acylation of benzene?

A

Friedal Crafts

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23
Q

what is required for the halogenation of benzene

A

a halogen carrier such as AlBr3 or FeBr3 and room temperature and pressure

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24
Q

what are the steps of a friedal crafts mechanism?

A

halogen carried
mechanism
catalyst regenerated

25
Q

what is required for the nitration of benzene

A

concentrated sulfuric acid calalyst and nitric acid.

26
Q

what is the electrophile in the nitration of benzene

A

NO2+

27
Q

phenol + base (eg NaOH) —–>

A

salt + water

28
Q

what is required for the halogenation of phenol

A

room temperature and excess Bromine

29
Q

phenol + 3Br2——>

A

phenol with Br substituted in the 2,4,6 position + 3HBr

(white ppt and bromine water decolourised)

30
Q

what is required for the nitration of phenol

A

dilute nitric acid and room temp (no halogen carrier)

31
Q

what is needed for the bromination of nitribenzene compared to phenylamine

A

for phenylamine, reaction is fast as the amine group activates the ring, rtp

nitrobenzene is fairly unreactive so requires a halogen carrier

32
Q

what is the reagent for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

A

sodium borohydride

33
Q

what is the name of the mechanism for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

A

nucleophilic addition
the nucleophile is the hydride ion

34
Q

aldehyde —–>
( distill and NaBH4)

A

primary alcohol

35
Q

ketone —–> secondary alcohol

A

NaBH4 and distill

36
Q

how are nitriles made?

A

nucleophilic addition with the CN- nucleophile

37
Q

how do you prepare acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids?

A

SOCl2

38
Q

what is required for the esterification of carboxylic acids

A

warm concentrated sulphuric acid with alcohol

39
Q

acyl chloride + alcohol or phenol —–>

(warm with conc H+)

A

ester + HCl

40
Q

acid anhydryde + ____ —-> ester + ______

A

alcohol
carboxylic acid

41
Q

how do you turn an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid?

A

add water (byproduct HCl)

42
Q

acyl chloride + NH3 —–> _____

A

amide + HCl

43
Q

acyl chloride + _____ —-> N-substituted amide + HCl

A

R—NH2

44
Q

what is required for the acid hydrolysis of esters?
what technique is used?

A

reflux/ water/ dilute acid

45
Q

what is the hydrolysis of esters

A

spits up an ester

46
Q

what are the products of acid hydrolysis of ester

A

alcohol and carboxylic acid

47
Q

what is are the conditions and products of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester

A

reflux/ source of OH- eg NaOH

produces a salt and alcohol

48
Q

why can an amine act as a base

A

the lone pair on the nitrogen can accept a proton to form a diative covalent bond

49
Q

what is required to prepare a primary amine

A

react a haloalkane with excess ammonia and ethanol solvent

50
Q

nitrobenzene + 6[H]—–> _____
and conditions

A

phenylamine and 2H2O

conditions: reclux/ conc HCl and tin catalyst

51
Q

what two groups do amino acids have

A

NH2 and COOH

52
Q

amino acid + acid —->____

A

(reacts with NH2)

53
Q

amino acid + alkali —–>_____

A

salt + water ( reacts with COOH)

54
Q

amino acid + alcohol —->___

conditions: conc acid and heat

A

ester + water

55
Q

hydrolysis is the splitting up by water

what is required for the hydrolysis of nitriles?

A

dilute acid and water (alcohol and ammonium salt is made)

56
Q

CH3CN +2H2 —->
(nickel catalyst)

what is produced and what is this reaction

A

CH3CH2NH2

reduction

57
Q

what is an amide link

A

H
|
N – C
||
O

58
Q

what must there be for condensation polymerisation?

A

two functional groups

organic chemistry (2 decks)

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