synthetic routes

Question 1

what are the conditions for combustion?

Answer 1

heat and oxygen

Question 2

What does radical substitution require?

Answer 2

UV light

Question 3

what are the 3 steps for homolytic free-radical substitution

Answer 3

initiation- making free radicals
propagation- regeneration of free radicals
termination- two FRs join together to make a stable compound

Question 4

why is the yield of homolytic free-radical substitution low?

Answer 4

multiple substitution/ substitution at different points on the carbon chain

Question 5

what is required for hydrogenation?

Answer 5

high temperature and nickel catalyst

Question 6

what can turn an alkene into an alkane?

Answer 6

hydrogenation

Question 7

what is the test for unsaturation

Answer 7

bromine water decolourises

Question 8

aklene + ? = haloalkane

Answer 8

halogen eg Br2/Cl2

Question 9

what is required to turn an alkene to an alcohol

Answer 9

steam/ phosphoric acid

Question 10

what is the name of the reaction which turns an alkene into an alcohol

Answer 10

hydration

Question 11

what mechanism occurs when a hydrogen halide is added to an alkene

Answer 11

electrophilic addition

Question 12

what is Markownikoff’s rule

Answer 12

hydrogen adds to the carbon with most hydrogens already attached

Question 13

what are the conditions for addition polymerisation

Answer 13

Ni catalyst/ high temp and pressure

Question 14

what is required for the dehydration of alcohols

Answer 14

reflux and concentrated acid

Question 15

what are the products of the dehydration of an alcohol

Answer 15

alkene and water

Question 16

what is the oxidising agent for alcohols

Answer 16

acidified potassium dichromate

Question 17

primary alcohol + [O] —->

Answer 17

ketone (distillation)
carboxylic acid (reflux)

Question 18

secondary alcohol —> ketone requires what reagents and conditions?

Answer 18

acidified potassium dichromate and reflux

Question 19

what is the name of the mechanism that turns a haloalkane into an alcohol?

Answer 19

nucleophilic substitution

Question 20

nucleophilic substitution (X-Cl bond takes longest as strongest BE)

what are the conditions for hydrolysis of haloalkanes

Answer 20

reflux and NaOH

Question 21

what is the mechanism that breaks down the ozone layer

Answer 21

free radical substitution

Question 22

what reaction allows the halogenation/ alkylation/ acylation of benzene?

Answer 22

Friedal Crafts

Question 23

what is required for the halogenation of benzene

Answer 23

a halogen carrier such as AlBr3 or FeBr3 and room temperature and pressure

Question 24

what are the steps of a friedal crafts mechanism?

Answer 24

halogen carried
mechanism
catalyst regenerated

Question 25

what is required for the nitration of benzene

Answer 25

concentrated sulfuric acid calalyst and nitric acid.

Question 26

what is the electrophile in the nitration of benzene

Answer 26

NO2+

Question 27

phenol + base (eg NaOH) ----->

Answer 27

salt + water

Question 28

what is required for the halogenation of phenol

Answer 28

room temperature and excess Bromine

Question 29

phenol + 3Br2------>

Answer 29

phenol with Br substituted in the 2,4,6 position + 3HBr (white ppt and bromine water decolourised)

Question 30

what is required for the nitration of phenol

Answer 30

dilute nitric acid and room temp (no halogen carrier)

Question 31

what is needed for the bromination of nitribenzene compared to phenylamine

Answer 31

for phenylamine, reaction is fast as the amine group activates the ring, rtp nitrobenzene is fairly unreactive so requires a halogen carrier

Question 32

what is the reagent for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 32

sodium borohydride

Question 33

what is the name of the mechanism for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones

Answer 33

nucleophilic addition the nucleophile is the hydride ion

Question 34

aldehyde -----> ( distill and NaBH4)

Answer 34

primary alcohol

Question 35

ketone -----> secondary alcohol

Answer 35

NaBH4 and distill

Question 36

how are nitriles made?

Answer 36

nucleophilic addition with the CN- nucleophile

Question 37

how do you prepare acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids?

Answer 37

SOCl2

Question 38

what is required for the esterification of carboxylic acids

Answer 38

warm concentrated sulphuric acid with alcohol

Question 39

acyl chloride + alcohol or phenol -----> (warm with conc H+)

Answer 39

ester + HCl

Question 40

acid anhydryde + ____ ----> ester + ______

Answer 40

alcohol carboxylic acid

Question 41

how do you turn an acyl chloride to a carboxylic acid?

Answer 41

add water (byproduct HCl)

Question 42

acyl chloride + NH3 -----> _____

Answer 42

amide + HCl

Question 43

acyl chloride + _____ ----> N-substituted amide + HCl

Answer 43

R---NH2

Question 44

what is required for the acid hydrolysis of esters? what technique is used?

Answer 44

reflux/ water/ dilute acid

Question 45

what is the hydrolysis of esters

Answer 45

spits up an ester

Question 46

what are the products of acid hydrolysis of ester

Answer 46

alcohol and carboxylic acid

Question 47

what is are the conditions and products of alkaline hydrolysis of an ester

Answer 47

reflux/ source of OH- eg NaOH produces a salt and alcohol

Question 48

why can an amine act as a base

Answer 48

the lone pair on the nitrogen can accept a proton to form a diative covalent bond

Question 49

what is required to prepare a primary amine

Answer 49

react a haloalkane with excess ammonia and ethanol solvent

Question 50

nitrobenzene + 6[H]-----> _____ and conditions

Answer 50

phenylamine and 2H2O conditions: reclux/ conc HCl and tin catalyst

Question 51

what two groups do amino acids have

Answer 51

NH2 and COOH

Question 52

amino acid + acid ---->____

Answer 52

(reacts with NH2)

Question 53

amino acid + alkali ----->_____

Answer 53

salt + water ( reacts with COOH)

Question 54

amino acid + alcohol ---->___ conditions: conc acid and heat

Answer 54

ester + water

Question 55

# *hydrolysis is the splitting up by water* what is required for the hydrolysis of nitriles?

Answer 55

dilute acid and water (alcohol and ammonium salt is made)

Question 56

CH3CN +2H2 ----> (nickel catalyst) what is produced and what is this reaction

Answer 56

CH3CH2NH2 reduction

Question 57

what is an amide link

Answer 57

H | N -- C || O

Question 58

what must there be for condensation polymerisation?

Answer 58

two functional groups