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AH Chemistry > Synthetic Reactions > Flashcards

Synthetic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Alkane → Alkene

A

Cracking

Catalyst

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2
Q

Alkene → Alkane

A

Hydrogenation - Electrophilic addition

H2 + catalyst (Nickel/Platinum/Palladium)

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3
Q

Alkane → Haloalkane

A

Free Radical substitution

X2 + UV light

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4
Q

Alkene → Haloalkane

A

Halogenation - electrophilic addition

HX

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5
Q

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

A

Halogenation - electrophilic addition

X2

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6
Q

Haloalkane → Ether

A

nucleophilic substitution

Na + alcohol

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7
Q

Haloalkane → Alkene

A

Elimination

Alcoholic KOH

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8
Q

Alkene → Alcohol

A

Hydration - Electrophilic addition

H20 + Diluted H2SO4/phosphoric acid

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9
Q

Haloalkane → Amine

A

Nucleophilic substitution

NH3

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10
Q

Haloalkane → Nitrile

A

Nucleophilic substitution

KCN

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11
Q

Haloalkane → Alcohol

A

Nucleophilic substitution

H20/NaOH

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12
Q

Nitrile → Amine

A

Reduction

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13
Q

Alcohol → Alkene

A

Dehydration/Elimination

Al2O3/H2SO4

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14
Q

Alcohol → Alkoxide

A

Na

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15
Q

Alcohol → Ester

A

Condensation

Carboxylic acid + Conc. H2SO4

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16
Q

Ester → Alcohol

A

Hydrolysis

NaOH then H+

17
Q

Amine → Amide

A

Condensation

Carboxylic acid

18
Q

Amide → Amine

A

Hydrolysis

NaOH then H+

19
Q

Nitrile → Carboxylic acid

A

Acid Hydrolysis

Dilute HCL

20
Q

Amide → Carboxylic acid

A

hydrolysis

NaOH

21
Q

Carboxylic acid → Amide

A

Condensation

22
Q

Carboxylic acid → Ester

A

Condensation

Alcohol + conc. H2SO4

23
Q

Carboxylic acid → Acid Chlorine

A

SOCl2/PCl3/PCl5

24
Q

Acid Chlorine → Ester

A

Condensation

Alcohol

25
Q

Carboxylic acid → Carboxylate salt

26
Q

Carboxylate salt → Carboxylic acid

27
Q

Ester → Carboxylic acid

A

Hydrolysis

NaOH then H+

28
Q

Benzene → C6H5NO2

A

Nitration

NO2+ + conc.HNO3 + conc. H2SO4

29
Q

Benzene → C6H5SO2OH

A

Sulphonation

Sulfuric acid heated under reflux/ fuming sulphuric acid in cold

30
Q

Benzene → C6H5R

A

Alkylation

R+X-

31
Q

Benzene → C6H5X

A

Halogenation

X2/X+

32
Q

Name an oxidising agent

A

Acidified dichromate

H+/CrO7²⁻

33
Q

Name a reducing agent

A

Lithium aluminium hydride

LiAlH4

34
Q

Describe the oxidation pattern for Organic compounds

A

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde → Carboxylic acid
Secondary alcohol → Ketone
Tertiary alcohol → not easily oxidised

35
Q

Describe the reduction pattern for organic compounds

A

Carboxylic acid → Aldehyde → Primary alcohol

Ketone → Secondary alcohol

36
Q

Describe SN1 and SN2 reactions

A

SN1: Tertiary haloalkanes

  • stable carbonation intermediate stage
  • 2 steps

SN2: Primary and secondary haloalkanes

  • new bond forms as old bond breaks
  • could revert to products
  • 1 stage

AH Chemistry (1 decks)

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