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Biochemistry 2 > Synthesis of amino acids and their derivatives > Flashcards

Synthesis of amino acids and their derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

All AA can be derived from

A

Intermediates of metabolic pathways

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2
Q

All AAs can be synthesized only in

A

Bacteria and plants

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3
Q

How many AAs mammals can synthesize

A

10

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4
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

9

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5
Q

Source of amino group for AAs synthesize

A

Glutamate and Glutamine

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6
Q

Name essential amino acids

A 
Hisitidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
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7
Q

How to remember essential amino acids

A 
Veterinarian
Prescribed
High
Lipid
Meal 
To
Increase
Triglyceride 
Levels
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8
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids

A

We have the enzymatic machinery for their synthesize, but it is not efficient when it is not functioning (starvation, fever, young mammals)

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9
Q

What are non-standard AAs

A

Non protein coding , they are not used for protein synthesize

Selenocysteine
Pyrrolysine- found in bacteria

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10
Q

Selenocysteine used for

A

GABA (neurotransmitter)
Homocysteine

Glutathione Peroxidase -enzyme for elimination of oxidative stress

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11
Q

Where is selenocysteine synthesized and by what codon is coded

A

Synthesized on tRNA

UGA codes for this AA or stop codon depending on the context

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12
Q

What is the other way to categorize AAs except how they contribute to TCA cycle

A

What substances are used to synthesize AAs

Alpha- ketogluterate AAs (TCA cycle)

3-phosphoglycerate (glycolysis )

Oxaloacetate (TCA cycle)

Pyruvate

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13
Q

from alpha-ketogluterate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Glutamate and 3 more

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14
Q

from 3-phosphoglycerate what AAs can be synthesized

A

serine and 2 more

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15
Q

from oxaloacetate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Aspartate and 4 more

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16
Q

from pyruvate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Alanine

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17
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate can be used for synthesize of AAs, but what is the problem

A

This machinery is present only in bacteria

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18
Q

What is special about synthesize of tyrosine

A

Mammals have a system that can convert phenyalalnine to tyrosine, not though erythrose 4-phosphate

So tyrosine can be essential, can be non-essential

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19
Q

From glutamate, what AAs can be obtained and their name

A

Glutamine
Proline
Arginine

As they can be made -> conditionally essential

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20
Q

From 3-phosphoglycerate you can get serine, which is not essential. What conditional essential can you get from serine

A

GLycine

Cysteine

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21
Q

What AAs oxaloacetate and pyruvate yield in mammals

A

Aspartate->Asparagine

Alanine respectively

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22
Q

Why synthesize of asparagine from aspartate is very importnant

A

Some of the cancer cells heavily dependent , so if you can synthesize an inhibitor for enzyme that converts aspartate to asparagine , thre is a treatment

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23
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway is not important for

A

AA synthesis in mammals

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24
Q

Heme is synthesized from ___ in mammals and from ___ in plants and most bacteria

A

Glycine

glutamate

25
What is the first step of glycine conversion
Converting Glycine to gamma-Aminolevulinate
26
What happens in second step of heme formation
8 gamma-aminolevulinate are put together in the ring structure protoporphyrin with the intermediate of porphobilinogen
27
How do we get heme from protoporphyrin
iron ion is added
28
Abnormal accumulation of porphyrin intermediates is called
Porphria diseases
29
How heme is used
Bile use and sometimes excreted through bile when RBCs die apart form oxygen carrying capacity
30
How heme is metabolized
Heme->biliverdin with heme oxygenase Biliverdin->bilirubin with bilirubin reductase
31
How bilirubin in blood is metabolized
Bilirubin is transported to the liver where with glucuronyl-bilirubin tranferase it is converted to bilirubin diglucuronide intermediate, which is ultimately converted to bilirubin used for bile
32
What happens with bilirubin in bile
Bacteria converts it to urobilinogen. It is converted to urobilin-> transport in kidney-> amber color of the urine Some urobilinogen is converted to stercobilin with the action of bacteria and excreted with feces
33
Disease that is caused by accumulation of bilirubin in circulation and how do we get it
Jaundice It is showing in cornea, mucous membranes, etc. adult-problems with liver, infants- liver has to mature, nothing to worry about
34
What helps with bilirubin metabolism
sunlight
35
How do we get bruises
from metabolism of heme, RBCs die and release red heme And within few hours oxygen converts heme from red to blue And then this heme is slowly metabolized to biliverdin-> green color and then ultimetely to bilirubin-yellow color
36
Creatine is synthesized from
Glycine, Arginine and Methione
37
What does creatine kinase do
phosphorylates creatine to phosphocreatine
38
why phosphocreatine is important
Plays a role in ATP synthesize , because it stores phosphate group for ATP synthesize (buffer for muscular ATP)
39
Glutathione is synthesized from
Glutamate Cysteine Glycine
40
Glytathione is the major
Antioxidant- prevents oxidative damage
41
What enzymes oxidizes glutathione to its oxidized form
Glutathione peroxidase
42
Neurotransmotters from AA ( exact names and functions of this neurotransmitters)
epinephrine (Flight or fight response) from tyrosine GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, needed for muscle tone) from glutamate Histamine (released during allergic reactions, stimulates HCL secretion in the stomach) from histidine-essential Serotonin (regulates intestinal movement and feel-good hormone) from tryptophan
43
Nucleotides are important for
Precursors of nucleic acids Carriers of energy (ATP and GTP) Components of cofactors (NAD,FAD,CoA) Initiators of glycoenogenesis Second messenger
44
The difference between nucleoside, nucleotide, nucleic acid
Nucleotide=Nucleoside+phosphate Nucleoside=Pentose sugar+nitrogenous base Nucleotides polymer chain= nucleic acid
45
Difference between purines and pyrimidines
Purines- two carbon-nitrogen rings (Guanine, Adenine) Pyrimidine - one carbon-nitrogen ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
46
Two pathways for nucleotides synthesize and their short description
De novo pathway - synthesized from metabolic precursors (AA,ribose 5-phosphate, CO2 and NH3) Salvage pathway- purine/pyrimidine bases released from degradation of nucleotides
47
Nitrogen bases are not synthesized ___
Independent molecules( you will never see only nitrogenous bases)
48
Purine rings are built up on
Ribose phosphate
49
Pyrimidine ring are first synthesized as ___ and then attached to ___
Orotate | Ribose phosphate
50
Nucleotide pools are kept ___, so it is needed ___
Low | Needed to continually synthesize them
51
Precursors of nucleotides synthesis and where are they coming from
PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate) from ribose-5 phosphate from PPP for sugar and phosphate Multiple AAs for purines and pyrimidines Aspartate for pyrimidines Glycine for purines Glutamine- amino group donor for both
52
Precursors of de novo synthesize
``` PRPP Glutamine Glycine Glutamine Aspartate ``` In this order for inosinate (IMP)
53
What can happen to IMP
It can be converted to AMP and GMP
54
Regulation of de novo synthesis of purines
Ultimate products GMP and AMP inhibit conversion from IMP or it can inhibit the conversion of PRPP to IMP IMP can inhibit PRPP
55
What is overall inhibition and specific inhibition
Overall- the pathway to IMP is stopped Specific-When the conversion of IMP to AMP is inhibited by AMP but not GMP or GMP is inhibited by GMP not AMP
56
De novo synthsize of pyrimidines
Aspartate is converted to Orotate with cytoplasmic carbamoyl phosphate II system PRPP comes in orotate is attached ultimately leading to UTP or uridine-5-phosphate ( the first one to synthesize) Only then UTP is converted to CTP (cytidine)
57
How ribonucleotides are converted to deoxyribonucleotides
Hydrogen atoms are required for reduction to "deoxy" form are donated by NADPH from PPP OH is replaced with H at 2nd carbon of the ribose sugar
58
How do we get dTMP
From dCDP and dUMP

Biochemistry 2 (17 decks)

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