Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry 2 > Synthesis of amino acids and their derivatives > Flashcards

Synthesis of amino acids and their derivatives Flashcards

1
Q

All AA can be derived from

A

Intermediates of metabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All AAs can be synthesized only in

A

Bacteria and plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many AAs mammals can synthesize

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How many essential amino acids are there

A

9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Source of amino group for AAs synthesize

A

Glutamate and Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name essential amino acids

A 
Hisitidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How to remember essential amino acids

A 
Veterinarian
Prescribed
High
Lipid
Meal 
To
Increase
Triglyceride 
Levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are conditionally essential amino acids

A

We have the enzymatic machinery for their synthesize, but it is not efficient when it is not functioning (starvation, fever, young mammals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are non-standard AAs

A

Non protein coding , they are not used for protein synthesize

Selenocysteine
Pyrrolysine- found in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Selenocysteine used for

A

GABA (neurotransmitter)
Homocysteine

Glutathione Peroxidase -enzyme for elimination of oxidative stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where is selenocysteine synthesized and by what codon is coded

A

Synthesized on tRNA

UGA codes for this AA or stop codon depending on the context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the other way to categorize AAs except how they contribute to TCA cycle

A

What substances are used to synthesize AAs

Alpha- ketogluterate AAs (TCA cycle)

3-phosphoglycerate (glycolysis )

Oxaloacetate (TCA cycle)

Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

from alpha-ketogluterate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Glutamate and 3 more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

from 3-phosphoglycerate what AAs can be synthesized

A

serine and 2 more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

from oxaloacetate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Aspartate and 4 more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

from pyruvate what AAs can be synthesized

A

Alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate can be used for synthesize of AAs, but what is the problem

A

This machinery is present only in bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is special about synthesize of tyrosine

A

Mammals have a system that can convert phenyalalnine to tyrosine, not though erythrose 4-phosphate

So tyrosine can be essential, can be non-essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

From glutamate, what AAs can be obtained and their name

A

Glutamine
Proline
Arginine

As they can be made -> conditionally essential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

From 3-phosphoglycerate you can get serine, which is not essential. What conditional essential can you get from serine

A

GLycine

Cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What AAs oxaloacetate and pyruvate yield in mammals

A

Aspartate->Asparagine

Alanine respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why synthesize of asparagine from aspartate is very importnant

A

Some of the cancer cells heavily dependent , so if you can synthesize an inhibitor for enzyme that converts aspartate to asparagine , thre is a treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway is not important for

A

AA synthesis in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Heme is synthesized from ___ in mammals and from ___ in plants and most bacteria

A

Glycine

glutamate

25
Q

What is the first step of glycine conversion

A

Converting Glycine to gamma-Aminolevulinate

26
Q

What happens in second step of heme formation

A

8 gamma-aminolevulinate are put together in the ring structure protoporphyrin with the intermediate of porphobilinogen

27
Q

How do we get heme from protoporphyrin

A

iron ion is added

28
Q

Abnormal accumulation of porphyrin intermediates is called

A

Porphria diseases

29
Q

How heme is used

A

Bile use and sometimes excreted through bile when RBCs die apart form oxygen carrying capacity

30
Q

How heme is metabolized

A

Heme->biliverdin with heme oxygenase

Biliverdin->bilirubin with bilirubin reductase

31
Q

How bilirubin in blood is metabolized

A

Bilirubin is transported to the liver where with glucuronyl-bilirubin tranferase it is converted to bilirubin diglucuronide intermediate, which is ultimately converted to bilirubin used for bile

32
Q

What happens with bilirubin in bile

A

Bacteria converts it to urobilinogen. It is converted to urobilin-> transport in kidney-> amber color of the urine

Some urobilinogen is converted to stercobilin with the action of bacteria and excreted with feces

33
Q

Disease that is caused by accumulation of bilirubin in circulation and how do we get it

A

Jaundice

It is showing in cornea, mucous membranes, etc.

adult-problems with liver, infants- liver has to mature, nothing to worry about

34
Q

What helps with bilirubin metabolism

A

sunlight

35
Q

How do we get bruises

A

from metabolism of heme, RBCs die and release red heme

And within few hours oxygen converts heme from red to blue

And then this heme is slowly metabolized to biliverdin-> green color and then ultimetely to bilirubin-yellow color

36
Q

Creatine is synthesized from

A

Glycine, Arginine and Methione

37
Q

What does creatine kinase do

A

phosphorylates creatine to phosphocreatine

38
Q

why phosphocreatine is important

A

Plays a role in ATP synthesize , because it stores phosphate group for ATP synthesize (buffer for muscular ATP)

39
Q

Glutathione is synthesized from

A

Glutamate
Cysteine
Glycine

40
Q

Glytathione is the major

A

Antioxidant- prevents oxidative damage

41
Q

What enzymes oxidizes glutathione to its oxidized form

A

Glutathione peroxidase

42
Q

Neurotransmotters from AA ( exact names and functions of this neurotransmitters)

A

epinephrine (Flight or fight response) from tyrosine

GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, needed for muscle tone) from glutamate

Histamine (released during allergic reactions, stimulates HCL secretion in the stomach) from histidine-essential

Serotonin (regulates intestinal movement and feel-good hormone) from tryptophan

43
Q

Nucleotides are important for

A

Precursors of nucleic acids

Carriers of energy (ATP and GTP)

Components of cofactors (NAD,FAD,CoA)

Initiators of glycoenogenesis

Second messenger

44
Q

The difference between nucleoside, nucleotide, nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide=Nucleoside+phosphate
Nucleoside=Pentose sugar+nitrogenous base
Nucleotides polymer chain= nucleic acid

45
Q

Difference between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines- two carbon-nitrogen rings (Guanine, Adenine)

Pyrimidine - one carbon-nitrogen ring (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)

46
Q

Two pathways for nucleotides synthesize and their short description

A

De novo pathway - synthesized from metabolic precursors (AA,ribose 5-phosphate, CO2 and NH3)
Salvage pathway- purine/pyrimidine bases released from degradation of nucleotides

47
Q

Nitrogen bases are not synthesized ___

A

Independent molecules( you will never see only nitrogenous bases)

48
Q

Purine rings are built up on

A

Ribose phosphate

49
Q

Pyrimidine ring are first synthesized as ___ and then attached to ___

A

Orotate

Ribose phosphate

50
Q

Nucleotide pools are kept ___, so it is needed ___

A

Low

Needed to continually synthesize them

51
Q

Precursors of nucleotides synthesis and where are they coming from

A

PRPP (5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate) from ribose-5 phosphate from PPP for sugar and phosphate

Multiple AAs for purines and pyrimidines

Aspartate for pyrimidines

Glycine for purines

Glutamine- amino group donor for both

52
Q

Precursors of de novo synthesize

A 
PRPP
Glutamine
Glycine
Glutamine
Aspartate

In this order for inosinate (IMP)

53
Q

What can happen to IMP

A

It can be converted to AMP and GMP

54
Q

Regulation of de novo synthesis of purines

A

Ultimate products GMP and AMP inhibit conversion from IMP or it can inhibit the conversion of PRPP to IMP

IMP can inhibit PRPP

55
Q

What is overall inhibition and specific inhibition

A

Overall- the pathway to IMP is stopped

Specific-When the conversion of IMP to AMP is inhibited by AMP but not GMP or GMP is inhibited by GMP not AMP

56
Q

De novo synthsize of pyrimidines

A

Aspartate is converted to Orotate with cytoplasmic carbamoyl phosphate II system

PRPP comes in orotate is attached ultimately leading to UTP or uridine-5-phosphate ( the first one to synthesize)

Only then UTP is converted to CTP (cytidine)

57
Q

How ribonucleotides are converted to deoxyribonucleotides

A

Hydrogen atoms are required for reduction to “deoxy” form are donated by NADPH from PPP

OH is replaced with H at 2nd carbon of the ribose sugar

58
Q

How do we get dTMP

A

From dCDP and dUMP

Biochemistry 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions