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Biochemistry 2 > Synthesis of AAs and Their Derivatives -- > Flashcards

Synthesis of AAs and Their Derivatives -- Flashcards

1
Q

All AAs can be derived from what?

A

Intermediates of metabolic pathways

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2
Q

How many AAs do bacteria and plants synthesize?

A

All of them

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3
Q

How many AAs can mammals synthesize from intermediates of metabolic pathways? Why can’t the rest be synthesized?

A

10

Missing enzymatic machinery

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4
Q

What is the source of amino groups (NH3+)

A

Glutamate and glutamine

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5
Q

How many essential AAs do we need to acquire through diet?

A

9

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6
Q

List the 9 essential AAs:

A
  1. Histidine
  2. Isoleucine
  3. Leucine
  4. Lysine
  5. Methionine
  6. Phenylalanine
  7. Threonone
  8. Tryptophan
  9. Valine
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7
Q

What is a conditionally essential AA?

A

Required to some degree in young, growing animals, and/or sometimes during illness.

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8
Q

How many conditionally essential AAs are there? List them.

A
  1. Arginine
  2. Cysteine
  3. Glutamine
  4. Glycine
  5. Proline
  6. Tyrosine
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9
Q

How many non-essential AAs are there? List them.

A
  1. Alanine
  2. Asparagine
  3. Aspartate
  4. Glutamate
  5. Serine
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10
Q

What are non-standard AAs? Give 2 examples

A

Non protein-coding AAs. Not used in protein synthesis.

  1. GABA
  2. Homocysteine
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11
Q

What is the 21st AA? How can it be classified among AAs?

A

Selenocysteine (selen from selenium).

Standard AA

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12
Q

How did humans synthesize selenocysteine? How is this different from all other AAs?

A

synthesized from cysteine on tRNA. It was built on tRNA.

…compared to all other AAs that are metabolic intermediates.

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13
Q

What is selenocystein coded by? What is UGA?

A

UGA which is a nonsense codon/stop codon (doesn’t code for any AA)

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14
Q

What 2 enzymes is selenocystein involved in the synthesis of?

A
  1. Glucose-6-phosphate

2. Glutathione peroxidase

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15
Q

What is the 22nd AA? Where is it found?

A

Pyrrolysine. Only found in bacteria. Utilized in methane produced by bacteria)

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16
Q

What is tyrosine derived from?

A

Phenylalanine in mammals

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17
Q

What AAs is alpha-ketoglutarate a precursor of?

A

Glutamate –>(Glutamine / Proline / Arginine)

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18
Q

What AAs is Pyruvate a precursor of?

A

Alanine / Valine / Leucine / Isoleucine

19
Q

What AAs is 3-phosphoglycerate a precursor of?

A

Serine –> (Glycine / Cysteine)

20
Q

What AAs is Oxaloacetate a precursor of?

A

Aspartate –> (Asparagine / Lysine / Methionine / Threonine)

21
Q

What AAs are Phosphoenolpyruvate & Erythrose 4-phosphate precursors of?

A

(Phenylalanine –> tyrosine)

Tyrosine (C.e)

Tryptophan

22
Q

What AAs is Ribose-5-phosphate a precursor of?

A

Histidine

23
Q

Is the pentose phosphate pathway important for AA synthesis in mammals?

A

No, doesn’t contribute to AA synthesis in mammals

24
Q

What AA is used in the production of heme in mammals? In plants/bacteria?

A

Glycine

Glutamate

25
Q

What metabolic intermediate is combined with glycine/(glutamate) in the 1st step of heme production? What compound does this form?

A

Succinyl-CoA.

Delta-aminolevulinate

26
Q

What happen to the delta-aminolevulinate compounds once they are produced?

A

8 of them are brought together and form pairs via hydration reactions. 4 pairs then combine to make 4 porphobilinogen which forms a benzene ring structure.

27
Q

What do the 4 protoporphyrin in the benzene ring structure incorporate into their center to form heme?

A

Iron

28
Q

What does the accumulation of porphyrin intermediates lead to in heme production?

A

“Porphyria diseases”

Abnormality of enzymes leads to accumulation

29
Q

What is heme called without the iron center?

A

Protoporphyrin

30
Q

What enzyme interacts with heme once it is released? What does this create? Biproducts?

A

Heme oxygenase

Biliverdin

CO2 and Iron released

31
Q

What is biliverdin transformed into afterwards? Enzyme? What is this reaction dependent on?

A

Bilirubin

Biliverdin reductase

NADPH

32
Q

What is an important characteristic of bilirubin? How is it transported to the liver?

A

Hydrophobic. Transported in blood via serum albumin

33
Q

What is bilirubin converted to in the liver? Enzyme?

A

Bilirubin diglucuronide.

Glucuronyl-bilirubin transferase

34
Q

Where is Bilirubin diglucuronide transported to after its stop the liver? What color is bilirubin in the bile?

A

Intestine (in bile)

Now bilirubin

Green!

35
Q

What is bilirubin converted to in bile? Via what?

A

–> Urobilinogen –> Stercobilin

via bacteria!!

36
Q

Where can Urobilinogen be transported after it’s time in the liver?

A

Kidney where it is converted to urobiln

37
Q

What color is bilirubin?

What does a blue wound indicate? What does a green/yellow wound indicate?

A

Green

Fresh punch.
Recovering.

38
Q

What does the accumulation of bilirubin lead to? What enzyme is disfunctional?

A

Jaundice

Glucuronyl-bilirubin transferase

39
Q

What neurotransmitter does tyrosine help create?

A

Epinephrine.

Fight or flight

40
Q

What neurotransmitter does glutamate help create?

What is this neurotransmitter needed for?

This neurotransmitter send inhibitory signals where?

A

GABA

Muscle tone maintenance

Central Nervous System

41
Q

What neurotransmitter does histadine help create?

When is this neurotransmitter released?

This neurotransmitter stimulates the secretion of what?

A

Histamine

Released during allergic reactions

HCl secretion in stomach

42
Q

What do anti-histamine medications reduce?

A

acid-refflux

43
Q

What neurotransmitter does tryptophan help create?

A

seretonin

Biochemistry 2 (8 decks)

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