Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
Alkene to alkane
A
- hydrogenation
- 150 degrees
- nickel catalyst
2
Q
Alkene to dihaloalkane
A
- Br2/Cl2 etc used
- draw the reaction mechanism
3
Q
Alkene to alcohol
A
- hydration
- steam
- high temp and pressure (300 degrees 65 atm)
- hot phosphoric acid catalyst
4
Q
Alkene to haloalkane
A
- HBr/HCl used
- draw mechanism
5
Q
Alkene to polymer
A
- addition polymerisation
- monomers have the pi bond broken and the electrons from each pi bond make a sigma bond with another monomer
6
Q
Alcohol to aldehyde
A
- Oxidise a primary alcohol
- acidified potassium dichromate
- distillation
7
Q
Alcohol to carboxylic acid
A
- oxidise a primary alcohol
- acidified potassium dichromate
- reflux
8
Q
Alcohol to ketone
A
- oxidise a secondary alcohol
- acidified potassium dichromate
- heat
9
Q
Alcohol to alkene
A
- dehydration
- elimination reaction
- heated with strong acid e.g conc H2SO4
- 170 degrees
10
Q
Alcohol to haloalkane
A
- halide substitution
- ROH + HX –> RX + H2O
- acid catalyst such as H2SO4
- mixture is warmed
11
Q
Haloalkane to alcohol
A
- nucleophilic substitution
- hydrolysis
- water often used, or NaOH
- draw reaction mechanism
12
Q
Alkanes to haloalkanes
A
- radical substitution Initiation: - CL2 --> 2Cl' Propagation: - CH4 + Cl' --> 'CH3 + HCl - 'CH3 + Cl2 --> CH3Cl + Cl' Termination: - 2Cl' --> Cl2 - 2'CH3 --> C2H6 - 'CH3 + Cl' --> CH3Cl
13
Q
Benzene to nitrobenzene
A
- nitration
- substitution reaction
- reagent is concentrated nitric acid
- sulfuric acid catalyst
- C6H6 + HNO3 –> C6H5NO2 + H2O
- reflux
- draw mechanism
14
Q
benzene to halobenzene
A
- halogenation
- halogen carrier is required as the benzene ring is too stable
- iron halides or aluminium halides are used to generate a positive halogen ion
- For chlorination, AlCl3 or FeCl3
- For bromination, AlBr3 or FeBr3
- Br2 + FeBr3 –> Br+ + FeBr4- (bromide ion acts as electrophile)
- draw reaction mechanism
15
Q
benzene to alkylbenzene
A
- friedel-crafts
- electrophilic substitution
- haloalkane mixed with halogen carrier which acts as a catalyst and is regenerated at the end
- mixture of products made that can be separated using fractional distillation or chromatography.
- draw mechanism
16
Q
Benzene to ketone
A
- friedel-crafts
- acylation
- Acyl chloride used as halogen carrier
- 60 degrees under reflux
- AlCl3 catalyst
17
Q
phenol to bromophenol
A
- triple substitution reaction
- reaction with bromine water
- C6H5OH + 3Br3 –> C6H2Br3OH + 3 HBr
- product is a white precipitate of 2,4,6-tribromophenol