synthesis Flashcards
what is the name when 2 electrons are shared equally
homolytic fission
what is the name when both electrons go towards one element and a carbocation is created
heterolytic bond fission
what is a carbocation
ion that contains a carbon ion with a positive charge
name a catalyst the can be used when turning an alcohol into an alkene
concentrated sulphuric acid
alcohol + ______ -> alkoxide
reactive metal
what type of reaction is alcohol -> alkene
elimination (dehydration)
haloalkane + _______ -> alcohol
Na (OH)-
the reduction reaction of a carboxylic acid to an alcohol requires what catalyst.
carboxylic acid + ______ -> alcohol
Lithium aluminium Hydride
LiAlH4
what are the oxidising agents used for the oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes
- acidified permanganate
- hot copper oxide
what is the definition of an elimination reaction
where a small molecule is removed from a large molecule to from two products
one way to make an alkene is through the dehydration of alcohols. name the catalyst which is used to cause the reaction
concentrated Sulfuric acid
one way to make an alkene is through base induced elimination. name the base and its solution
potassium hydroxide in ethanol solution
Alkenes take place in _____ addition reactions
Electrophilic
The Electrophilic addition of h20 uses what as a catalyst and produces what compound
Acid as a catalyst
Produces and alcohol
You can hyrolyse _____ to make a carboxlyic acid
Nitriles
What catalyst is used for nitrile hydrolysis
Strong acid
Eg. Sodium hydroxide
What catalyst is used for the hydrolysis of an ester to prepare a carboxylic acid
Strong acid - sodium hydroxide
what type of reaction does benzene take part in
Electrophilic substitution
Is benzene or alkenes more reactive ?
Alkenes
What catalyst is used to react benzene with an halogen
Aluminium chloride - the halogen will depend on what halogen you are reacting out with - eg aluminium bromide catalyst
What is markovnikov’s rule
The H atom of the H-X adds to the carbon atom which already has more hydrogen atoms
What catalyst is used for Sn1 and SN2 reactions
Aqueous metal hydroxide
What catalyst promotes elimination
Potassium hydroxide in Hot ethanol solution
What type of reaction is making an ether
Nucleophilic substitution
