Syntax

Question 1

syntax

Answer 1

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language

Question 2

grammar

Answer 2

o the complete system of phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic information and rules that speakers of a given language possess

Question 3

pronominalisation

Answer 3

the substitution of a constituent by a

pronoun

Question 4

structural ambiguity

Answer 4

cases in which different interpretations arise through

different sentence structures assigned to the same strings of words

Question 5

head

Answer 5

the most important element of a phrase

Question 6

noun phrases

Answer 6

phrases headed by a noun

Question 7

clause

Answer 7

a syntactic unit that consists minimally of a verb phrase and its subject

Question 8

Sentences

Answer 8

the

largest syntactic units and they are made up of one or more clauses

Question 9

main clause

Answer 9

clauses that can stand on their own

Question 10

subject-verb agreement

Answer 10

a syntactic process which requires

subject and verb to share the same person and number features

Question 11

case forms

Answer 11

forms that mark the grammatical function of noun phrases in a sentence or phrase

Question 12

transitive verbs

Answer 12

Verbs that need an object

Question 13

intransitive verbs

Answer 13

verbs that cannot take an object

Question 14

ditransitive

Answer 14

verbs that can take two objects

Question 15

direct object

Answer 15

an entity that

undergoes the action or process denoted by the verb

Question 16

indirect object

Answer 16

the recipient

or the benificiary of the event denoted by the verb

Question 17

adverbial

Answer 17

constituents that provide information about the circumstances of the
action denoted by the verb and its subject and object(s)

Question 18

predicative complements

Answer 18

completes the meaning of a sentence by giving information about a noun

Question 19

complement

Answer 19

a word, phrase, or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression

Question 20

predicate

Answer 20

the part of a sentence (or clause) that tells us what the subject does or is

Question 21

matrix clause

Answer 21

a clause that contains a subordinate clause

Question 22

subordinate clauses

Answer 22

a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence; it merely complements a sentence’s main clause

Question 23

phrase structure rules

Answer 23

a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language’s syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational gramma

Question 24

determiners

Answer 24

a word placed in front of a noun to specify quantity (e.g., “one dog,” “many dogs”) or to clarify what the noun refers to (e.g., “my dog,” “that dog,” “the dog”)

Question 25

word-classes

Answer 25

the categories all words belong to that tell the speaker what part of speech they belong to

Question 26

syntactic categories

Answer 26

a type of syntactic unit that theories of syntax assume

Question 27

lexical categories

Answer 27

a syntactic category for elements that are part of the lexicon of a language. These elements are at the word level.

Question 28

projection

Answer 28

when notating the syntactic structure of a sentence such as “John runs fast.”, we must specify at every level what lexical category each piece of the sentence belongs to

Question 29

prepositional phrase

Answer 29

a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object

Question 30

adjective phrases

Answer 30

a group of words that describe a noun or pronoun in a sentence

Question 31

verb phrases

Answer 31

the portion of a sentence that contains both the verb and either a direct or indirect object (the verb’s dependents)

Question 32

adverb phrases

Answer 32

a group of words that refines the meaning of a verb, adjective, or adverb

Question 33

gapping

Answer 33

the omission of a verb in the second of two coordinate clauses, as in I went by bus and Mary by car

Question 34

movement

Answer 34

the means by which some theories of syntax address discontinuities

Question 35

constituency tests

Answer 35

the testing of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure

Question 36

coordination test

Answer 36

only constituents that can be coordinated by the coordinating conjunction “and”

Question 37

pro-form

Answer 37

a type of function word or expression that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word, phrase, clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context.

Question 38

wh-pronoun

Answer 38

The pronouns who, whose, which, and what

Question 39

constituents

Answer 39

a word or a group of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure

Question 40

phrases

Answer 40

a group of words (or possibly a single word) that functions as a constituent in the syntax of a sentence, a single unit within a grammatical hierarchy