Syntax

Question 1

Parts of speech

Answer 1

nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, prepositions, conjunctions, determiners, interjections, numerals

Question 2

Nouns

Answer 2

part of speech used to refer to concrete objects or sets thereof and abstract concepts

Question 3

Pronouns

Answer 3

part of speech used as a substitute of nouns or noun phrases (you, me, themselves)

Question 4

Adverbs

Answer 4

part of speech, typically recognized to modify verbs, as well as adjectives, that provides more information about actions, states and events.

Question 5

Adjectives

Answer 5

part of speech describing a noun or a noun phrase

Question 6

Verbs

Answer 6

a part of speech denoting actions or states.

Question 7

Prepositions

Answer 7

a part of speech used to express contextual relations or mark semantic roles. Of, for, with, under, before

Question 8

Conjunctions

Answer 8

a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.

Question 9

Determiners

Answer 9

– a/an, the, some, a word that co-occurs with a noun and determines its meaning to some degree; can be preceded or followed by pre- and postdeterminers.

Question 10

Interjections

Answer 10

part of speech marked with intense expressive function, often disconnected from the grammatical whole of the sentence; ouch! wow! hurray!

Question 11

Numerals

Answer 11

part of speech referring to the amount or order.

Question 12

Sentence parts

Answer 12

subject, object, subject complement, object complement, predicator, adverbial

Question 13

Subject

Answer 13

performs the predicate or is its subject in passive sentences

Question 14

Direct object

Answer 14

receives the action or effect of the verb

Question 15

Indirect object

Answer 15

instrument, beneficiary; that identifies to or for whom and so on it is done; recipient

Question 16

Prepositional object

Answer 16

mediated by a preposition

Question 17

Object

Answer 17

the person or thing that receives the action of the verb

Question 18

Subject complement

Answer 18

completes the idea of the subject of the sentence. Mary is nice.

Question 19

Object compliment

Answer 19

completes the idea of the object in the sentence: I find Mary pretty.

Question 20

Predicator

Answer 20

denotes the action or state in the sentence

Question 21

Adverbial

Answer 21

semantically refers to circumstances, such as goal, source, location

Question 22

Clause

Answer 22

a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. These can be either dependent or independent, i.e. ones that can’t or can stand alone as complete thoughts.

Question 23

Sentence

Answer 23

an independent clause, a ka a unit consisting of one or more words that bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it, expresses a though in the form of a statement, question, instruction or exclamation.

Question 24

Simple sentence

Answer 24

one independent clause

Question 25

Compound sentence

Answer 25

two or more independent clause. I ate a plum and threw it out.

Question 26

Complex sentence

Answer 26

one independent clause with 1+ dependent clauses. I ate a plum, because it was in the fridge.

Question 27

Compound-complex sentence

Answer 27

two+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent clauses. – I ate a plum, because it was in the fridge, and threw it out, because I was done

Question 28

Adverbial clause

Answer 28

a clause containing a subject and verb that acts as an adverb to modify the main clause of a sentence

Question 29

Relative clause

Answer 29

give us information about the person or thing mentioned. Defining relative clauses give us essential information – information that tells us who or what we are talking about. (who, where etc)

Question 30

Nominal clause

Answer 30

a clause that is taking the place of a noun or pronoun in a sentence

Question 31

Substitution

Answer 31

a process wherein repetition is avoided by replacing a part of a sentence with a pro-form within and across sentences e.g. I like pizza. So do I.

Question 32

Ellipsis

Answer 32

a process wherein a part of the sentence is omitted, as it can be recovered from linguistic or social context. I am going to pass this exam. How (are you going to pass this exam)?

Question 33

Clefting

Answer 33

it is a process by which a clause is divided into two components and one is fronted; the element following the word be becomes the element of focus. Mary gave me a book. It was a book that Mary gave me.

Question 34

Extraposition

Answer 34

a process wherein a long subject is moved to the end of the sentence and replaced by the dummy subject it. That I have to get up early is bothersome. It is bothersome that I have to get up early.

Question 35

Postponement

Answer 35

a process wherein units within sentences are postponed, moved further in the sentences. For instance, with ditransitive verbs: We’ve given the children bicycles  We’ve given bicycles to the children.