Syntax

Question 1

clause

Answer 1

syntactic unit situated between sentence and phrase in the analytic hierarchy and whose constituents fulfil the roles of clause constituents

Question 2

phrase

Answer 2

• is situated between word and clause in syntactic analysis
• consists of one or several words
• does not have a (subject-object) structure

Question 3

head

Answer 3

obligatory element of a phrase which can replace the construction as a whole within the sentence

Question 4

subject

Answer 4

• obligatory in English (except for imperative clauses and non-finite
  clauses)
• stands in front of the predicate in active declarative clauses
• shows Subject-Verb concord

Question 5

predicate

Answer 5

• obligatory in an active declarative clause
• comes after the subject in active declarative clauses
• Shows Subject-Verb concord

Question 6

elements of clause structure in CGL

Answer 6

• Subject
• Verb
• Object
• Complement
• Adverbial

Question 7

Object

Answer 7

• comes after the Verb in active English declarative sentences
• takes up the function of subject in corresponding passive clauses
  Direct object: either the only object in a clause or the second object in a
  clause with two objects.
  Indirect object: object which comes before a direct object; can be replaced
  by a PP with to or for

Question 8

Complement

Answer 8

• comes after the predicate in declarative sentences
• cannot function as the subject in a corresponding passive clause
• can be replaced by adjective phrases

Question 9

Adverbial

Answer 9

Clause constituent consisting of an adverb or a more complex element which
can be replaced by an adverb.

Question 10

intransitive

Answer 10

SV

Question 11

copula

Answer 11

SVC and SVA

Question 12

transitive

Answer 12

SVO

Question 13

ditransitive

Answer 13

SVOO

Question 14

complex transitive

Answer 14

SVOC and SVOA

Question 15

noun phrase

Answer 15

determinative
premodiefier
head
postmodifier

Question 16

verb phrase

Answer 16

auxiliary verb
main verb

Question 17

adjective phrase

Answer 17

premodifier
head
postmodifier

Question 18

adverb phrase

Answer 18

premodifier
adverb
postmodifier

Question 19

prepositional phrase

Answer 19

preposition
prepositional complement

Question 20

preposition

Answer 20

of, at, in, without, in spite of

Question 21

pronoun

Answer 21

he, they, anybody, one, which

Question 22

determiner

Answer 22

the, a, that, every, some

Question 23

conjunction

Answer 23

and, that, when, although

Question 24

modal verb

Answer 24

can, must, will, could

Question 25

primary verb

Answer 25

be, have, do

Question 26

noun

Answer 26

John,, room, answer, play,

Question 27

adjective

Answer 27

happy, steady, new, large, round

Question 28

full verb

Answer 28

search, grow, play

Question 29

adverb

Answer 29

steadily, completely, really

Question 30

numerals

Answer 30

one, two, first, second

Question 31

interjections

Answer 31

oh, ah, ugh, phew

Question 32

Level of Function

Answer 32

• Clause Constituents (S;V; OD; OID; CS; CO)
• Phrase Constituents (dtm, prem, head, …)

Question 33

Level of Form

Answer 33

• Clause ( finite Clause, wh-clause. that clause, …)
• Phrase (NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP)
• Word Classes (Noun, pronoun, determiner, adjective,
  …)

Question 34

that clauses (FC)

Answer 34

I noticed that he spoke English with an Australian accent .

Question 35

relative clause (FC)

Answer 35

I know the man who you met at the concert

Question 36

whether/ if clause (FC)

Answer 36

Do you know whether the banks are open?

Question 37

wh-clauses (FC)

Answer 37

I don’t know when he left.

Question 38

to infinitive-clause (NFC)

Answer 38

To be neutral in this conflict is out of the question.
He likes to relax

Question 39

bare infitinitve- clause (NFC)

Answer 39

I heard someone slam the door.
Turn off the tap was all I did

Question 40

-ing-participle clause (NFC)

Answer 40

He enjoys playing practical jokes.
Calling early, I found her at home.
I caught Ann reading my diary

Question 41

-ed-participle clause (NFC)

Answer 41

The cigars smoked here tend to be expensive.
Called early, he ate a quick breakfast