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Syntax > Syntactic Processes > Flashcards

Syntactic Processes Flashcards

1
Q

classification of Arguments (2)

A
  1. grammatical relation to the verb
  2. semantic role in the event
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2
Q

What is a Grammatical Relation (4)

A
  1. subject
  2. direct object
  3. Indirect object
  4. Oblique object
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3
Q

Semantic Roles (8)

A
  1. Agent
  2. Patient
  3. Instrument
  4. Experiencer
  5. Theme
  6. Location
  7. Recipient
  8. Beneficiary
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4
Q

what is a semantic role?

A

characterizations of the way an event participates in an event

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5
Q

what is an Agent:

A

participation that willfully initiates interaction (animate)

ex: STEVE gave Sue a gift
ex: STEVE broke a mirror

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6
Q

what is a Patient

A

Participation that is affected by an action and undergoes a change of state (dies, or wounded)

ex: the FLY dies
ex: Steve broke the MIRROR

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7
Q

what is an Experiencer:

A

participant that perceives something, receives some sensation or reacts to some event (animate). 5 senses/perception

ex: Steve SAW the train
ex: Steve HEARD a noise

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8
Q

what is a Theme:

A

participant that undergoes some motion or process, but doesn’t change state (no modification to the object) usually the D.object

ex: Steve saw THE TRAIN
ex: Steve put THE WALLET on the table

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9
Q

What is a Recipient:

A

Participant that received some transferred object: animate (usually)

ex: Steve gave SUE a gift
ex: SUE received a gift
ex:

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10
Q

what is a Beneficiary:

A

Participant that benefits from an event (animate)

ex: I cooked SUE dinner
ex: I cooked dinner for SUE
**Look for the preposition “FOR”

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11
Q

what is an instrument:

A

participant that us used to carry out the action (inanimate)

ex: the FLY SWATTER hit the fly
ex: Steve hit the fly with the FLY SWATTER

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12
Q

What is Location:

A

spatial location that a participant occupies, moves to, or moves from

ex: Steve is AT HIS OFFICE
ex: Steve came FROM HIS OFFICE

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13
Q

Grammatical process (3)

A
  1. Voice (full, agentless, impersonal, antipassive)
  2. causatives
  3. Applicatives
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14
Q

Subject Relation is assigned to

A

the argument expressing the most important Semantic role (agent)

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15
Q

The Direct object Relation is assigned to

A

the argument expressing the next most important semantic role (patient)

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16
Q

Tendency of subjects and Direct objects

A

Subjects = Agents
Direct Objects = Patients

17
Q

Voice

A

grammatical process that changes the diathesis of the verb by moving the grammatical relations and semantic roles

18
Q

Voice options (4)

A
  1. Full Passive
  2. Agentless Passive
  3. Impersonal Passive
  4. Antipassive
19
Q

Full Passive voice: expression

A
  • Analytically (aux + participle)
  • Morphologically (morpheme on the lexical verb)
20
Q

Full Passive voice: syntax effects

A

S –> optional OblObj
O –> S
Transitive –> Intransitive

21
Q

Syntactic Properties of a Full Passive Voice

A
  • demotes the subject to an optional oblique object
    -promotes the direct object to a subject.

ex: the hunter killed the bear
–> the bear was killed by the hunter

22
Q

What are the Pragmatic Properties of Full Passive?

A

It makes the agent less prominent by demoting it or omitting it

23
Q

How is agentless Passive expressed?

A
  • morphologically (morpheme on lexical verb)
24
Q

Agentless passive: Syntactic effects

A

the Subject is suppressed

25
Q

Agentless Passive: pragmatic effects

A

the participant introduced by the Subject (the agents) isn’t mentioned.
ex: the man was seen
–> (who saw the man??)

26
Q

How is Impersonal Passive expressed analytically

A

Analytically: aux+verb pattern

27
Q

How is Impersonal Passive expressed Syntactically

A

-demotes the subject of the active to an optional oblique object
inserts a “dummy” subject (non lexical Subject equivalent to the English pronominal “it”

28
Q

Example of Impersonal Passive

A

It is said that this is a ground-breaking study

29
Q

How is Antipassive expressed morphologically? (English doesn’t have this)

A
  • antipassive morpheme on the lexical verb
  • demotes Direct object to oblique object (may be deleted)
    promotes and A argument to an S argument
  • Patient become lower in individuation
30
Q

Antipassive Syntactic effects (3)

A
  1. Demotes direct object of the active voice to oblique object
  2. applies to a transitive clause
  3. turns transitive clause into an intransitive clause
31
Q

What languages is Passive more common?

A

Nominative-Accusative languages

32
Q

What languages is Antipassive more common?

A

Ergative-Absoloutive languages

33
Q

What is a Grammatical Pivots

A
  • links NP together across different clauses
34
Q

Grammatical Pivots in accusative languages

A

-Accusative languages have Subject Pivot (S=A) can be deleted in the second clause

35
Q

What do causatives do?

A

add a new participant that is realized as a subject and has the semantic role of a causer.
Adds new clause and possible predicate
–> ex: I had them studying
ex: I forced them to…

36
Q

What do Applicatives do?

A

add new participant that is realized as an object
can influence semantic roles

37
Q

what is a CAUSER

A

agent that does or initiates something.
because of their actions, the causee performs the action described by the verb

38
Q
A

Syntax (2 decks)

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