Syncope Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of syncope?

A

3-37%

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2
Q

What percentage of ER visits are related to syncope? What percentage of hospital admissions?

A

3%

1%

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3
Q

Which age groups are most likely to have a syncope episode?

A

Younger (10-30)

Old (>65)

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4
Q

What are the three major categories of syncope?

A
Neurally mediated (Reflex) syncope
Cardiogenic syncope
Autonomic dysfunction syncope
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5
Q

What causes reflexive syncope?

A

A functional working nervous system

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6
Q

What type of syncope are vasovagal, situational, and carotid sinus syncope?

A

Reflexive syncope

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7
Q

What is the response to pain/fear/stress in a vasovagal reflex?

A

Decreased sympathetic
Decreased parasympathetic

Decreased HR and BP

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8
Q

What situations are included in Situational syncope?

A

Urination, defecation, coughing, sneezing, exercise, etc.

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9
Q

What situations can cause carotid sinus syncope?

A

Shaving

Massage

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10
Q

Which cardiogenic anomalies can cause syncope?

A

Arrhythmias

Structural disease

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11
Q

What is an inherited disease causing ventricular tachyarrhythmias in structurally normal hearts?

A

Brugada Syndrome

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12
Q

What causes autonomic dysfunction syncope?

A

Dysfunctional nervous system

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13
Q

What are examples of primary autonomic failure?

A

Lewy body disease (multiple system atrophy)

Parkinson Disease

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14
Q

What are examples of secondary autonomic failure?

A

Diabetic neuropathy
Amyloid neuropathy
Spinal cord injury

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15
Q

What are other causes to autonomic dysfunction?

A

Medications
Alcohol, exercise, post-prandial (lunch)
Orthostatic hypotension

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16
Q

How is Vtach diagnosed?

A

3+ consecutive ventricular originated beats

Tachycardia (100-200 bpm)

17
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable Vtach?

A

Stable is asymptomatic

18
Q

How is unstable Vtach treated?

A

Give ‘em the joules!!!

Immediate synchronized cardioversion

19
Q

What are treatment options for stable Vtach?

A

Amiodarone
Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)
Beta blockers

20
Q

What is treatment is used in acute V fib?

A

Joules

Can use lidocaine or procainemide

21
Q

What is the long term treatment for V fib?

A

Amiodarone
Beta blocker
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)