synaptic transmission Flashcards
1
Q
- Smelling and visualizing food may elicit a single response of hunger. What kind of neural circuit would this situation best apply to?
a) Divergent pathway
b) Convergent pathway
c) Reverberating pathway
d) Afferent pathway
A
b) Convergent pathway
2
Q
- An EPSP is:
a) A local hyperpolarization of the pre-synaptic membrane
b) A local depolarization of the pre-synaptic membrane
c) A local hyperpolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
d) A local depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
A
d) A local depolarization of the post-synaptic membrane
3
Q
- Temporal summation is described as:
a) 2 stimuli separated in time that cause EPSPs that do not sum together
b) 2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that sum together
c) 2 changes in membrane potential that cancel each out
d) 2 excitatory stimuli close in time that cause EPSPs that can sum together
A
d) 2 excitatory stimuli close in time that cause EPSPs that can sum together
4
Q
- IPSP’s and EPSP’s can sum together at which part of the neuron?
a) Dendrites
b) Axon hillock
c) Cell body
d) Axon terminal
A
b) Axon hillock
5
Q
- Which one of the following ions is required for Ach to be released in vesicles at the axon terminal?
a) Na+
b) K+
c) Ca2+
d) Cl-
A
c) Ca2+
6
Q
- What type of neural circuit is involved in breathing?
a) Convergent
b) Single
c) Reverberating
d) Divergent
A
c) Reverberating
7
Q
- Which of the following does not apply to electrical synapses?
a) Involves gap junctions
b) Found mostly in the brain
c) Can be easily modulate
d) Very rapid signal transmission
A
c) Can be easily modulate
8
Q
- In regards to the interaction of hormones with their targets, which of the following best describes the term ‘synergism’?
a) One hormone opposes the action of another hormone
b) Hormones with the same effect on target cells combine to have a greater effect
c) One hormone cannot exert its effects without the other hormone being present
d) None of the above
A
b) Hormones with the same effect on target cells combine to have a greater effect
9
Q
. The interaction between insulin and glucagon can be described as:
a) Permissive
b) Synergistic
c) Antagonistic
d) Agonistic
A
c) Antagonistic
10
Q
- Noradrenaline and adrenaline binding to Beta 2 receptors results in which physiological response?
a) Smooth muscle contraction
b) An increase in heart rate
c) A decrease in heart rate
d) Smooth muscle dilation
A
d) Smooth muscle dilation
11
Q
- What is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones?
a) Glucose
b) Peptides
c) Cholesterol
d) Ions such as Ca2+ and K+
A
c) Cholesterol
12
Q
- Which of the following statements best describes a paracrine signal?
a) Circulating hormone that binds to distant target cells
b) Local acting hormone that binds to neighbouring target cells to the one that secretes it
c) Hormone that is stored in vesicles until stimulated to be secreted
d) Local acting hormone that binds only to the cell that secreted it
A
b) Local acting hormone that binds to neighbouring target cells to the one that secretes it
13
Q
- Which of the following is not considered an endocrine gland?
a) Pituitary gland
b) Hypothalamus
c) Salivary gland
d) Pancreas
A
c) Salivary gland
14
Q
- If cortisol acting alone can increase blood glucose to 30 mg/ml, and glucagon alone increased blood glucose to 50 mg/ml, but in combination these hormones increased blood sugar to 80 mg/ml, these two hormones are said to be:
a) agonistic
b) synergistic
c) permissive
d) antagonistic
A
b) synergistic
15
Q
- Which of the following is the correct definition of a synapse?
a) Functional junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, such as
a muscle or gland; may be electrical or chemical.
b) Functional junction or point of close contact between two neurons or between a neuron
and an effector cell.
c) Region where a neuron meets its target cell
d) All of the above definitions are correct
A
d) All of the above definitions are correct
16
Q
- What cellular structure is present in electrical synapses?
a) Cell wall
b) Desmosomes
c) Gap junctions
d) Tight junction
A
c) Gap junctions
17
Q
3. Which of the following is the ion crucial to release of stored neurotransmitter at the axon terminal? a) calcium b) potassium c) sodium d) chloride
A
a) calcium
18
Q
4. What type of gated channel binds to the neurotransmitter is on the post-synaptic membrane? a) Electrical b) Electrochemical c) Mechanical d) Receptor-mediated
A
d) Receptor-mediated
19
Q
- The release of neurotransmitter is an example of which transport mechanism?
a) Endocytosis
b) Exocytosis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
A
b) Exocytosis
20
Q
- What determines how much neurotransmitter is released at the axon terminal?
a) The amplitude of the action potential
b) The amplitude of the graded potentials
c) The frequency of the action potentials
d) The frequency of the graded potentials
A
c) The frequency of the action potentials
21
Q
- Where are inhibitory normally located on a neuron?
a) Axon
b) Axon terminal
c) Cell body
d) Dendrites
A
c) Cell body
22
Q
- What sort of neural circuit would be involved in breathing?
a) Converging
b) Diverging
c) Reverberating
d) Single
A
c) Reverberating
23
Q
- Where are the ACh receptors located in the neuromuscular junction?
a) Axon terminal
b) Sarcolemma
c) SR tubules
d) T tubules
A
b) Sarcolemma
24
Q
The patellar reflex is an automatic response that produces the same effect every time when hitting
the ____.
a) the patella ligament leading to a stretch reflex in the hamstrings
b) the patellar ligament leading to a stretch reflex in the quadriceps
c) the quadriceps tendon leading to a stretch reflex in the hamstrings
d) the quadriceps tendon leading to a stretch reflex in the quadriceps
A
b) the patellar ligament leading to a stretch reflex in the quadriceps
25
1. Which of the following is not considered an endocrine gland?
a) Adrenal gland
b) Hypothalamus
d) Thyroid gland
c) Salivary gland
26
2. An agent that is introduced to bind to cell receptors and elicit a response (i.e. to activate
receptors) is a/an ______________.
a) agonist
b) antagonist
c) blocker
d) ligand
a) agonist
27
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3. An external agent that is introduced into the body and binds to a cell receptor to prevent it
from responding is a/an
a) agonist
b) antagonist
c) ligand
d) neurotransmitter
```
b) antagonist
28
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4. Which hormone would bind to receptors in the cell or in the nuclei of a cell to affect DNA
expression?
a) all hormones bind this way
b) any steroid
c) any water soluble hormone
d) only prostaglandins bind this way
```
b) any steroid
29
5. If glucagon acting alone can maximally increases blood sugar to 100 mg/ml, and adrenaline
alone increased blood sugar to 50 mg/ml, but in combination these hormones increased
blood sugar to 180 mg/ml, these two hormone are said to be …..
a) agonistic
b) antagonistic
c) permissive
d) synergistic
d) synergistic
30
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6. Only one of these endocrine organs is derived from neural tissue and releases
catecholamines upon SNS stimulation.
a) adrenal medulla
b) anterior pituitary
c) ovaries
d) thyroid
```
a) adrenal medulla
31
7. Antidiuretic hormone is otherwise known as
a) cortisol
b) noradrenaline
c) thyroxin
d) vasopressin
d) vasopressin
32
8. Airways usually have a preponderance of β 2 receptors, and the heart β 1 receptors, and
many blood vessels have α – receptors. These all bind to noradrenalin. During an acute
asthma attack, the sufferer is likely to benefit most from a _________.
a) β 1 agonist
b) β 1 antagonist
c) β 2 agonist
d) β 2 antagonist
c) β 2 agonist
33
9. These compounds are not proteins but derived from fatty acids, are involved in the
inflammatory response, and their action is inhibited by aspirin; they also contribute to
generation of a fever. What are they?
a) cytokines
b) fat soluble hormones
c) locally acting hormones
d) prostaglandins
d) prostaglandins
34
10. What does the term ‘catecholamines’ include?
a) adrenaline
b) nor adrenaline
c) both a) and b)
d) cytokines
c) both a) and b)
35
11. Which is the best description for the function of a paracrine?
a) Circulating hormone that binds to distant target cells
b) Hormone that is stored in vesicles until stimulated to be secreted
c) Local acting hormone that binds only to the cell that secreted it
d) Local acting hormone that binds to neighbouring target cells to the one that secrets it
d) Local acting hormone that binds to neighbouring target cells to the one that secrets it
36
12. Any molecule that binds to a cell receptor is known as a _____________.
a) Agent
b) Agonist
c) Antagonist
d) Ligand
d) Ligand
