Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Synaptic Transmission > synaptic transmision > Flashcards

synaptic transmision Flashcards

1
Q

what are the function of the nervous system

A

Receives, processes, encodes and rapidly transmits information about the internal and external environment from one part of body to another
Controls muscle movements and the secretions of many glands
Awareness, perception, memory, language, learning, thinking and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • “wired” system
  • chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) usually diffuse a very SHORT distance (synaptic cleft)
  • acts rapidly for a short period of time (msec, sec, min)
A

nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • “wireless” system
  • chemical messengers (hormones) usually diffuse throughout the body (long distance, carried by the blood)
  • acts SLOWLY (minutes to hours) for a long period of time (minutes, hours, days)
A

Endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The central nervous system consist of the _______ and ______ ______

A

brain

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The peripheral nerves system consists of _________ nerves and _______ nerves

A

spinal nerves - carry info to from spinal cord

cranial nerves- carry info to from brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into two divisions:

A

sensory division

motor division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

this PNS division is Afferent.
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
– Informs the CNS of the state of the body interior and exterior

A

Sensory Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

this PNS division is Efferent.

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors

A

motor division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the motor division is subdivided into :

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autonomic nervous system can be further divided into:

A

–Sympathetic Nervous System
•“Fight or Flight”

–Parasympathetic Nervous System
•“Rest and Digest”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

this system has as many neurons as the spinal cord.

it is regulated by the autonomic nervous system but cannot function on its own.

A

enteric nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dendrites

A

receive incoming information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Axon

A

sends information to cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

group or aggregation of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

group or aggregation of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bundle of axons (surrounded by glia & connective tissue) in the PNS

A

Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bundle of axons in the CNS (CNS has glia, but no connective tissue)

A

Tract/Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Two cell types in the nervous system:

A

neurons

supporting cells/neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

highly specialized,

excitable cells, generate action potential

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

do not initiate or conduct nerve impulses, important for viability of the neurons, support neurons physically and metabolically, actively modulate synaptic function

A

Supporting cells or Neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 types of glial cells in CNS

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

2 types of glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells

satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  • Surround clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

* Unknown function

A

Satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Form myelin sheaths around the larger nerve fibers in the PNS
  • Vital to neuronal regeneration
A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

________ _____ cover myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

surrounded by Schwann cells that don’t form myelin

A

Unmyelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • composed primarily of
    lipids
    -protects, acts as insulator, increases conduction velocity
    -Nodes of Ranvier
    -conduct an action potential faster than unmyelinated axons
A

Myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Form myelin sheaths around
axons
One for many axons

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Immune defense cells of CNS

act as specialized macrophages and antigen- presenting cells - release destructive chemicals

A

Microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Excessive release of chemicals form ______ is suspected to contribute to neuronal damage seen in stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases

A

microglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Line the internal cavities of the CNS
cilia contributes to the flow of CFS
Stem cells

A

Ependymal Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Clear fluid fills the ventricles, central canal and the subarachnoid space
•CSF surrounds and cushions brain and spinal cord: CNS “floats” in CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Imbalance between formation, circulation and absorption of CSF can cause accumulation of excess of CSF, this is called

A

hydrocephalus (“water in the brain”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

treatment of hydrocephalus (“water in the brain”) consists of ______ shunting the excess of CSF to veins elsewhere in the body

A

surgically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The most abundant glial cells, the main “glue” of CNS, hold neurons together in proper spatial relationship

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Important in the repair of brain injuries and in neural scar formation

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Play a role in neurotransmitter activity: take up glutamate and GABA neurotransmitters bringing their actions to a halt

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

responsible for establishing the blood-brain barrier (BBB

A

Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

brain capillaries the cells are joined by

A

tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

signal the cells forming the brain capillaries to “get tight”

A

astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

pathways of the BBB (5)

A
  • paracellular- water soluble agents
  • lipohilic- lipid soluble
  • transport protein
  • receptor mediated trancytosis
  • adsorptive transcytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

negative side to BBB

A

limits use of drug for treatment of CNS disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

astrocytes are capable of releasing chemicals similar to neurons (gliotransmitters) , this synapse is called

A

Tripartite synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

functions of astrocytes (5)

A 
provide substrates for ATP production
Forms BBB
secretes neurotrophic factors
take up k, water, neurotransmitters
source of neural stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

2 functions of ependymal

A

create barrier between compartments

another source of neural stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

oligodendrocytes forms

A

myelin sheaths

47
Q

Cell body is called

A

soma

48
Q

Cell processes that extend from the soma and receive input

A

dendrites

49
Q

Cell processes that extend from the soma and primarily transmit action potentials (output)

A

axon

50
Q

Axon originates from a special region of the cell body called

A

axon hillock

51
Q

The myelin sheath is made by ________ in the CNS and by _________ in the PNS

A

oligodendrocytes

scwhann

52
Q

Interspersed along the axon are gaps where there is no myelin

A

nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

Highly abundant rough ER (site of protein synthesis)

A

Nissl bodies

54
Q

______ increase the surface area of a neuron, allowing it to communicate with multiple other neurons.

A

Dendrites

55
Q

A dendrite’s surface area can be expanded even more by the presence of _______

A

dendritic spines

56
Q

dendritic spines provide membrane space to form as many synapsis as possible - found in the ______

A

cerebellum

57
Q

The movement of material is driven by motor proteins:

A

kinesin (anterograde transport)

dyein (retrograde transport)

58
Q

anterograde transport

A

from cell body to axon terminal

59
Q

retrograde transport

A

axon terminal to the cell body

60
Q

Many infectious agents such as the herpes virus utilize ______ transport
to reach their site of action.

A

axonal

61
Q

Functional classification of neurons (3)

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
internuerons

62
Q

conduct action

potentials toward the CNS (coming)

A

Sensory or afferent

63
Q

conduct action potentials away from the CNS (going)

A

Motor or efferent

64
Q

within CNS from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons or association neurons

65
Q

Structural classification of neurons (3)

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

66
Q

Specific location, function, and/or neurotransmitter of neurons (5 hint: ergic)

A 
cholinergic
adrenergic
serotonergic
GABAergic
glutaminergic
67
Q

a change in membrane potential that occurs when voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane open, increasing the cell’s permeability first to Na+ and then to K+.

A

Action potential (AP)

68
Q

So long as threshold is surpassed, additional increases in stimulus strength do not lead to increases in the amplitude of the AP - this is referred to as the:

A

“all-or-none law” (refers to the fact that there is no “in-between“ AP).

69
Q

In the membrane of dendrites and cell body (soma) of the neuron, the voltage gated Na+ channels are sparse. These areas generate

A

local (graded) potentials

70
Q

result from ligand binding to receptor, mechanical stimulation, temperature changes, spontaneous change in permeability

A

local (graded) potentials

71
Q

a touch-pressure receptor in the skin, where mechanical energy is converted into electric signals.

A

Pacinian corpuscle

72
Q

Graded potentials vary in ________ (the larger the stimulus [stretch or pressure], the larger the depolarization).When the depolarization reaches the threshold, AP is generated in the sensory nerve.

A

amplitude

73
Q

Degree of depolarization caused by the graded potential decreases with ______ from the _______: “ripples created by a stone tossed into a pond”

A

distance

origin

74
Q

Once an AP is initiated no further triggering event is required to activate the rest of the nerve fiber. The impulse is automatically conducted throughout the neuron without further stimulation by one of two methods of propagation:

A

unmyelinated nerve axon

myelinated nerve axon

75
Q

if amplitude is always the same, how do neurons encode for stimuli strength?

A

by frequent # of AP per second

76
Q

has after rate of AP conduction

A

myelinated

77
Q

the axon with the largest diameter is conduct a faster or slower AP?

A

faster

78
Q

Continuous conduction occurs in:

A

unmyelinated axons

79
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

•Occurs in myelinated axons
When AP occurs at one node, opposite charges attract from the adjacent inactive node, bringing potential to threshold so that it undergoes an AP, and so on

80
Q

schwanncells are in the _______ system

A

PNS

81
Q

oligodenrocytes are in the ______ system

A

CNS

82
Q

autoimmune disease in which the body defense system erroneously attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers. Leads to myelin damage blocking AP propagation

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

83
Q

what are symptoms of MS

A

visual problems, tingling and numbness, muscle weakness, impaired coordination and gradual paralysis

84
Q

during this, the portion of the membrane that has just undergone an action potential cannot be restimulated.
corresponds to the time during which Na+-channel gates are not in their resting confirmation.

A

absolute refractory period

85
Q

during this, AP can be generated, but it will require considerably stronger stimulation than usually necessary. It happens because fewer than normal voltage-gated Na+-channels are in a resting position and K+ is still leaving

A

relative refractory period

86
Q

The ensures the one-way propagation of the action potential down the axon away from the initial site of activation.

A

refractory period

87
Q

Junction between two neurons

A

The Synapse

88
Q

two types of junctions between synapse

A

– Presynapticneuron

– Postsynapticneuron

89
Q

two types of synapse

A
  1. Electrical Synapses (pass electrical signals)

2. ChemicalSynapses (use neurotransmitters)

90
Q
  • Found in cardiac & smooth muscle and some neurons & glia
  • Allows the action potential of the presynaptic cell to be propagated to the postsynaptic cell
  • Bidirectional (two-way), very fast
A

Electrical Synapses

91
Q

Synaptic vesicles contain chemical messenger neurotransmitter (NT)

A

presynaptic terminal

92
Q

– Space between presynaptic cell
and postsynaptic cell
– Neurotransmitterdiffusion

A

Synaptic cleft

93
Q

where Neurotransmitter receptors are found

A

Postsynaptic membrane

94
Q

chemical synapse

A

Monodirectional (one-way)
pre/postsynaptic
synaptic cleft

95
Q

Events at the Synapse and Exocytosis

(5 steps)

A

1 AP depolarizes axon terminal
2 voltage gated Ca open and Ca enters cell
3 Ca triggers exocytosis of synaptic content
4 neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptor in post synaptic cell
5 neurotransmitter binding initiates response in postsynaptic cell

96
Q

Some NTs increase permeability of Na+ channels, which results in a

A

graded depolarization

97
Q

graded depolarization is often referred to

A

EPSP - excitatory postsynaptic potential

98
Q

Some NTs increase permeability for K+ or Cl-, which results in a graded

A

hyper-polarization

99
Q

Graded hyperpolarizations will bring theneuronalVM fartherawayfrom the threshold. This is often referred to

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential or IPSP

100
Q

Individual EPSPs can combine

through ______

A

summation

101
Q

Two types of summation:

A

Temporal summation

Spatial summation

102
Q

the same presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron multiple times in a brief period

A

Temporal summation

103
Q

multiple neurons all stimulate a postsynaptic neuron resulting in a combination of EPSPs which may yield an AP

A

Spatial summation

104
Q

some chemicals released by neurons have little or no direct effects on their own but can modify the effects of neurotransmitters. These chemicals are called

A

neuromodulators.

105
Q

neurotransmitter that are both excitatory and inhibitory (3)

A

acetylcholine
norepinephrine
dopamine

106
Q

neurotransmitter that are generally excitatory (3)

A

glutamate
aspartate
nitric oxide

107
Q

neurotransmitter that are generally inhibitory

7

A 
GABA
glycine
serotonin
histamine
substance P
endorphin
enkephalin
108
Q

Ionotropic receptors

A
  • Fast transmission

- Effect is very brief (a few ms to tens of ms)

109
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

second-messenger mediated

110
Q

_______ is the major inhibitory mediator in the brain

A

GABA

111
Q

The _____ receptors are Na+ channels, _____ receptor channel is permeable to Ca2+ and Na+

A

AMPA

NMDA

112
Q

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines

A

used to manage the seizures and also as sedatives and anesthetics

113
Q

Many drugs used to treat depression either block NT reuptake or inhibit NT enzymatic break down, these types of drugs are

A

anti-depressants

114
Q

this drug increases levels of DA and NE primarily by blocking their reuptake or promoting their release.

A

•Amphetamine

Synaptic Transmission (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions