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TCA 9 - HF > Symptoms and Causes > Flashcards

Symptoms and Causes Flashcards

1
Q

What is HFrEF?

A

Reduced cardiac output (EF<40%).

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2
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

EF is preserved (>50%).

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3
Q

What is normal EF?

A

50-70%

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of RVF?

A
  • Peripheral oedema
  • Ascites
  • Nausea
  • Anorexia
  • Facial engorgement
  • Epistaxis
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5
Q

What are the signs of RVF?

A
  • Elevated JVP
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Splenomegaly
  • RV heave
  • Pitting oedema
  • Ascites
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6
Q

What can cause RVF?

A
  • LVF
  • Pulmonary stenosis
  • Lung disease (cor pulmonake)
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7
Q

What are the symptoms of LVF?

A
  • Dyspnoea
  • Poor exercise tolerance
  • Fatigue
  • Orthopnoea
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)
  • Nocturnal cough (+/- pink frothy sputum)
  • Wheeze
  • Nocturia
  • Cold peripheries
  • Weight loss
  • Bibisal crepitations
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8
Q

What is congestive HF?

A

LVF and RVF occur together

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9
Q

What is seen in congestive HF?

A

All the symptoms of LVF and RVF

  • S3 gallop
  • Neck vein distention
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10
Q

What does the frank starling curve show?

A

In the normal heart, the more that the myocardial fibres are stretched, the more forceful the contraction.

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11
Q

What are the most common causes of HF?

A
  • CAD - ischaemia (40%)

- HTN

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12
Q

What are the structural causes of HF?

A
  • Aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation
    AS and MR are the most common in the UK
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13
Q

What are the congenital causes of HF?

A
  • Atrial septal defect
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Inherited cardiomyopathies
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14
Q

What are the rate-related causes of HF?

A
  • Uncontrolled AF
  • Thyrotoxicosis
  • Anaemia (causing a high output state)
  • Heart block (causing a low output state)
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15
Q

What are the pulmonary causes of HF?

A
  • COPD
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • Recurrent pulmonary emboli
  • Primary pulmonary HTN
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16
Q

What are the drug causes of HF?

A

Some chemotherapy drugs are cardiotoxic -> doxorubicin

17
Q

What are the pericardial causes of HF?

A
  • Chronic pericarditis
    TB
    LSE
    Viruses
18
Q

What are the autoimmune causes of HF?

A
  • Amyloidosis and sarcoid

- DM

19
Q

What are the endocrine causes of HF?

A
  • Thyrotoxicosis

- Phaeochromocytoma

20
Q

What are the genetic causes of HF?

A
  • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
21
Q

What are the miscallaneous causes of HF?

A
  • Pregnancy-induced cardiomyopathy

- Acute viral myocarditis

TCA 9 - HF (5 decks)

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