Symptoms and Causes Flashcards
1
Q
What is HFrEF?
A
Reduced cardiac output (EF<40%).
2
Q
What is HFpEF?
A
EF is preserved (>50%).
3
Q
What is normal EF?
A
50-70%
4
Q
What are the symptoms of RVF?
A
- Peripheral oedema
- Ascites
- Nausea
- Anorexia
- Facial engorgement
- Epistaxis
5
Q
What are the signs of RVF?
A
- Elevated JVP
- Hepatomegaly
- Splenomegaly
- RV heave
- Pitting oedema
- Ascites
6
Q
What can cause RVF?
A
- LVF
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Lung disease (cor pulmonake)
7
Q
What are the symptoms of LVF?
A
- Dyspnoea
- Poor exercise tolerance
- Fatigue
- Orthopnoea
- Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND)
- Nocturnal cough (+/- pink frothy sputum)
- Wheeze
- Nocturia
- Cold peripheries
- Weight loss
- Bibisal crepitations
8
Q
What is congestive HF?
A
LVF and RVF occur together
9
Q
What is seen in congestive HF?
A
All the symptoms of LVF and RVF
- S3 gallop
- Neck vein distention
10
Q
What does the frank starling curve show?
A
In the normal heart, the more that the myocardial fibres are stretched, the more forceful the contraction.
11
Q
What are the most common causes of HF?
A
- CAD - ischaemia (40%)
- HTN
12
Q
What are the structural causes of HF?
A
- Aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation
- Mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation
AS and MR are the most common in the UK
13
Q
What are the congenital causes of HF?
A
- Atrial septal defect
- Ventricular septal defect
- Inherited cardiomyopathies
14
Q
What are the rate-related causes of HF?
A
- Uncontrolled AF
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Anaemia (causing a high output state)
- Heart block (causing a low output state)
15
Q
What are the pulmonary causes of HF?
A
- COPD
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Recurrent pulmonary emboli
- Primary pulmonary HTN
