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Pharmacology > Sympathetic Nervous System > Flashcards

Sympathetic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System is referred to as what?

A

Adrenergic

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2
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System is referred to as what?

A

Cholinergic or Muscarinic

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3
Q

Main NT of adrenergic system?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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4
Q

Main NT of cholinergic system?

A

Acetylcholine

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5
Q

What does the sympathetic response look like in the body?

A

Dilated pupils, increased HR, increased BP (vasoconstriction), bronchodilation, relaxed GI system, relaxed bladder (except sphincter), relaxed uterus

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6
Q

What does parasympathetic response look like in the body?

A

Constricted pupils, decreased HR, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased gastric secretions and peristalsis, bladder contraction, increased salivary gland secretions

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7
Q

Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

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8
Q

Cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

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9
Q

What does Alpha 1 receptor stimulation lead to?

A

Increased BP (vasoconstriction), pupil dilation, bladder spincter contraction, prostate contraction

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10
Q

What does Alpha 2 receptor stimulation lead to?

A

Decreased GI tone and motility, vasodilation (control over alpha 1 - check & balance)

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11
Q

What does Beta 1 receptor stimulation do?

A

Increased heart contraction, increased HR, increased BP

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12
Q

What does Beta 2 receptor stimulation do?

A

Bronchodilation, decreased GI tone and motility, relaxation of uterine muscle, increased blood sugar, dilates arterioles in the heart, lungs and skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Where are Beta 1 receptors mostly located?

A

Heart and kidneys

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14
Q

Where are Beta 2 receptors mostly located?

A

Lungs (some in the arterioles and uterus)

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15
Q

Where are Alpha 1 receptors mostly located?

A

Blood vessels

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16
Q

Where are Alpha 2 receptors mostly located?

A

Postganglion nerve ends

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17
Q

What are adrenergic agonists also called?

A

Adrenergics and sympathomimetics

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18
Q

What are the 2 classifications of adrenergics?

A

Catecholamines and Noncatecholamines

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19
Q

What do adrenergic agonists do?

A

Stimulate the sympathetic nervous system

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20
Q

What are the 3 principles of catecholamines?

A

Short 1/2 life
Cannot be taken orally
Do not cross the blood brain barrier

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21
Q

What are the 3 principles of noncatecholamines?

A

Longer 1/2 life, can be taken orally, does cross the blood brain barrier

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22
Q

Examples of catecholamines?

A 
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dopamine
Dobutamine
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23
Q

Examples of noncatecholamines?

A

Ephedrine
Phenylephrine
Albuterol

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24
Q

Adverse effects of Alpha 1 receptor activation?

A 
Hypertension
Reflex bradycardia (compensation)
Necrosis at IV site with infiltration (d/t vasoconstriction & extravasation)
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25
Q

What is Alpha 1 receptor agonist used to treat?

A

Nasal congestion
Stop nose bleeds
Raise blood pressure

26
Q

What does Alpha 2 receptor agonist treat?

A

Hypertension

27
Q

What is Beta 1 receptor agonist used to treat?

A

Cardiac arrest due to asystole (lack of contraction)
Heart failure
Shock (increases HR, force of contraction, CO)

28
Q

Adverse effects of Alpha 2 receptor activation?

A

Orthostatic hypotension

29
Q

Adverse effects of Beta 1 activation?

A 
Altered heart rate or rhythm (tachycardia or dysrhythmias)
Angina pectoris (increased cardiac oxygen demand)
30
Q

What are Beta 2 receptor agonists used to trea?

A 
Asthma (promotes bronchodilation)
Preterm labor (relaxes uterine smooth muscles)
31
Q

Adverse effects of Beta 2 activation?

A

Hyperglycemia (only issue for diabetic patients)

Tremors (in skeletal muscles, but effect fades over time)

32
Q

What receptors does epinephrine act on?

A 
Alpha 1 (vasoconstrict & increased BP)
Beta 1 (increase contractility, HR, O2 demand of heart)
Beta 2 (bronchodilation, increased BG)
33
Q

If a drug activates many receptors, what should be expected?

A

Many side effects (ex: epinephrine)

34
Q

What receptors does isoproterenol hydrochloride act on?

A 
Beta 1 (increase HR)
Beta 2 (increase bronchodilation)
35
Q

What is isoproterenol hydrochloride used for?

A

Bronchospasms with anesthesia

Used for cardiovascular disorders (AV heart block, cardiac arrest, increase CO)

36
Q

Why is nasal congestion nan issue with Alpha 1 blocker?

A

Vasodilation leads to fluid leaking out (more permeable) leading to mucous and congestion

37
Q

Adverse effects of isoproterenol hydrochloride?

A

Tachydysrhythmias
Angina
Hyperglycemia

38
Q

What is the use and expected response of Clonidine?

A

Alpha 2 receptor stimulation
Vasodilation
Antihypertensive medication

39
Q

What is the effect of albuterol?

A 
Stimulates Beta 2 (minimal Beta 1 except for in large doses)
Bronchodilation (asthma)
Uterine relaxation (preterm labor)
40
Q

What is dopamine do and used for?

A

Stimulates Alpha 1, Beta 1 and Dopamine receptors

Treat shock, heart failure, acute renal failure

41
Q

What is dobutamine and what is it used for?

A

Selective activation of Beta 1 receptors

Treats heart failure only (increase cardiac contractility and increased HR)

42
Q

What are adrenergic antagnoists also called?

A

Adrenergic blockers

Sympatholytic agents

43
Q

What do adrenergic antagonists do?

A

Block sympathetic responses

44
Q

Drugs that block alpha 1 receptors would cause what?

A

Vasodilation

45
Q

What are Alpha 1 blockers used for?

A

Hypertension (vasodilation)

Peripheral vascular disease (Raynaud’s through vasodilation)

46
Q

What can be used to treat BPH?

A

Alpha 1

Decreases contraction in smooth muscle in bladder neck, to allow prostate to relax and open urethra

47
Q

What happens with Alpha 1 agonist overdose?

A

Alpha 1 Blocker administered

Prevent extravasation if infiltration has occurred with an alpha agonist

48
Q

What is an Alpha 1 Blocker that is an antidote for extravasation?

A

Phentolamine

49
Q

Adverse effects of Alpha blockers?

A 
Orthostatic hypotension (reduce muscle tone in venous walls, blood pools when patient stands)
Reflex tachycardia (compensatory mechanism to increase HR via baroreceptor reflex - alpha blocker leads to decreased BP and lower CO)
Nasal congestion (dilates blood vessels of nasal mucosa)
50
Q

Suffix of alpha blockers?

A
  • zosins
51
Q

Beta blockers are called what?

A

Beta adrenergic blockers
Sympatholytic agents
Beta antagonists

52
Q

Suffix of beta blockers?

A
  • lol
53
Q

What occurs with Beta 1 blocker?

A

Decreased HR
Decreased cardiac force of contraction
Decrease velocity of impulse conduction through AV node (slow dysrhythmias)

54
Q

What are beta blockers used to treat?

A

Angina pectoris (decreases cardiac workload - so heart has enough O2 and won’t cause pain)
Hypertension (reduces PVR and CO)
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Myocardial infarction (can reduce pain, infarction size and mortality)
Hyperthyroidism (decreases HR)
Migraine headaches (decrease CO & BP)
Stage fright (calm SNS)

55
Q

Adverse effects of beta 1 blockers?

A 
Bradycardia
Reduced CO (decreased HR and force of contraction)
56
Q

Adverse effects of beta 2 blockers?

A

Bronchoconstriction (careful with COPD and asthma)

Inhibition of glycogenolysis (lowers BG levels - hypoglycemia)

57
Q

What is the drug of choice for patients with lung issues or diabetes?

A

Selective Beta 1 Blockers

58
Q

Examples of selective beta 1 blocker?

A

Metropolol

Atenolol

59
Q

What do nonselective beta blockers?

A

Block both beta 1 & 2

60
Q

What is an example of nonselective beta blocker?

A

Propanolol (treats angina, cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, MI, & bronchoconstricts)

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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