syllabus dot points HB Flashcards
human biology
the human body is comprised of cells, tissues and organs within complex systems that work together to
maintain life
A
cell organelles maintain life processes and require the input of materials and the removal of wastes to
support efficient functioning of the cell
A
the cell membrane separates the cell from its surroundings with a structure, described by the fluid
mosaic model, which allows for the movement of materials into and out of the cell by osmosis, simple
diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport and vesicular transport (endocytosis/exocytosis)
A
factors affecting the exchange of materials across the cell membrane include surface area to volume
ratio, concentration gradients, and the physical and chemical nature of the materials being exchanged
A
the various tissues of the human body perform specific functions and can be categorised into four basic
tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous
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biochemical processes, including anabolic and catabolic reactions in the cell, are controlled in the
presence of specific enzymes
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cellular respiration occurs, in different locations in the cytosol and mitochondria, to catabolise organic
compounds, aerobically or anaerobically, to store energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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for efficient metabolism, cells require oxygen and nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins and minerals
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enzyme function can be affected by factors including pH, temperature, presence of inhibitors,
co-enzymes and co-factors, and the concentration of reactants and products
A
the exchange of gases between the internal and external environments of the body is facilitated by the
structure and function of the respiratory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels
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the efficient exchange of gases in the lungs is maintained by the actions of breathing, blood flow and the
structure of the alveoli
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the transport of materials within the internal environment for exchange with cells is facilitated by the
structure and function of the circulatory system at the cell, tissue and organ levels
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the components of blood facilitate the transport of different materials around the body (plasma and
erythrocytes), play a role in the clotting of blood (platelets) and the protection of the body (leucocytes)
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the lymphatic system functions to return tissue fluid to the circulatory system and to assist in protecting
the body from disease
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the supply of nutrients in a form that can be used in cells is facilitated by the structure and function of
the digestive system at the cell, tissue and organ levels
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the supply of nutrients in a form that can be used in cells is facilitated by the structure and function of
the digestive system at the cell, tissue and organ levels
A
the salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder produce or store secretions which aid the processes
of digestion
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absorption requires nutrients to be in a form that can cross cell membranes into the blood or lymph and
occurs at different locations, including the small intestine and large intestine
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elimination removes undigested materials and some metabolic wastes from the body
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the muscular system is organised to maintain posture and produce movement; muscle fibre contraction
can be explained using the sliding filament theory
A
movement results from the actions of paired muscles, with others acting as stabilisers, to produce the
required movement
A
the skeletal framework of the body consists of bone and cartilage which function to provide body
support, protection and movement, and is facilitated by the structure and function at cell and tissue
levels
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articulations of joints of the skeleton are classified according to their structure or the range of
movements permitted
A
the excretory system regulates the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes
and regulating water, salts, and nutrients (regulatory processes not required)
A
deamination of amino acids in the liver produces urea, which then is transported to the kidneys for
removal
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the nephrons in the kidney facilitate three basic processes: filtration, reabsorption and secretion during
urine formation to maintain the composition of body fluids (hormone control is not required)
A
