Syllabus Flashcards
Noun Forms
First and Second Declensions (masculine, feminine, neuter)
Third Declension may occur, but will be used for meaning only, not as
form or grammatical items
Personal Pronouns (associated primarily with a particular grammatical person – first person, second person, or third person)
ἐγώ, σύ, ἡμεῖς, ὑμεῖς, αὐτός (3rd person pronoun in oblique cases only)
Relative Pronouns (connects a noun or pronoun to a group of words that provide more information)
ὅς, ἥ, ὅν
Adjectives
First and Second Declensions; Positive Degree
Third Declension may occur, but will be used for meaning only, not as test items
(e.g.) μέγας, πολύς, πᾶς, οὐδείς
Possessive Adjectives
ἐμός, σός, ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος
Cardinal and Ordinal numbers 1-10
Adverbs
Forms ending in -ως; Positive Degree; οὐ / οὐκ / οὐχ; οὕτως
Articles
Definite: ὁ, ἡ, το
Interrogative Adverbs / Adjectives (asks question)
ποῖος, πότε, πότερος, ποῦ, πώς
Particles and Conjunctions (connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words)
δέ, γάρ, μέν . . . δέ, ἆρα, γε, ἀλλά, καί, τε . . . καί,
καί . . . καί, οὔτε . . . οὔτε
Alpha contract verbs
α + ω = ω
α + ει = ᾳ
α + ο = ω
α + ε = ᾱ
α + ου = ω
Epsilon contract verbs
ε + ω = ω
ε + ει = ει
ε + ο = ου
ε + ε = ει
ε + ου = ου
Imperfect Tenses
Beginning of this stem is added the AUGMENT ἐ–
–ν = I (1st person singular)
–μεν = we (1st person plural)
–ς = you (2nd person singular)
–τε = y’all (2nd person plural)
– = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)
–σαν = they (3rd person pl)
Present Tense
The most common mood of Greek verbs is the INDICATIVE, indicating that the action of the verb is real.
–μι = I (1st person singular)
–μεν = we (1st person plural)
–ς = you (2nd person singular)
–τε = y’all (2nd person plural)
–σι(ν) = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)
–ασι(ν) = they (3rd person pl)
Note: (ν) indicates that this ending has a MOVABLE NU.
Future Tenses
The stem needs a marker that says the verb is in the future tense. The future tense marker for all verbs is –σ-. So now the stem looks (and sounds) like this:
λυ + σ = λυσ– will loosen (future tense stem)
δεικ + σ = δειξ– will show (future tense stem)
Active voice
The active voice is used when the subject of the sentence is the agent of the action described in the verb.
Middle voice
The middle voice denotes that the subject is both an agent of an action and somehow concerned with the action.
–μαι = I (1st person singular)
–μεθα = we (1st person plural)
–σαι = you (2nd person singular)
–σθε = y’all (2nd person plural)
–ται = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)
–νται = they (3rd person pl)
–σθαι signals that a verb is in the infinitive. The persistent accent of the infinitive is on the ANTEPENULT.
If a verb is thematic (-ω verb), then a thematic vowel (-ο/-ε) is added before its endings. Note that the second person singular regularly appears in one of two contracted forms that result from the loss of the INTERVOCALIC SIGMA (S 628).
–ομαι = I (1st person singular)
–ομεθα = we (1st person plural)
(-εσαι →) –ει or –ῃ = you (2nd person singular)
–εσθε = y’all (2nd person plural)
–εται = (s)he, it (3rd person sg)
–ονται = they (3rd person pl)
–εσθαι signals that a verb is in the infinitive.
Deponent Verbs
Verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive.
Indicative Mood
The indicative mood (οριστική) presents the action or the event as something real or certain, in other words as an objective fact. This mood is to be found in all tenses.
Imperative Mood
The imperative expresses a command, exhortation, or entreaty. They exist only in 2nd and 3rd person since one does not (normally) give a command to oneself.
Personal Ending of the Active Imperative
Second Person Singular θι
Third Person Singular τω
Second Person Dual τον
Third Person Dual των
Second Person Plural τε
Third Person Plural ντων
Infinitive Present
The INFINITIVE is another common mood of Greek verbs. The infinitive refers to the action without person or number. As a result, it needs only a single ending to mark tense and voice. The ending –ναι forms the Present Active Infinitive for the verbs in this lesson. The accent falls on the PENULT.
δεικνύναι to show
Irregular Verb
εἰμί - to be
Impersonal Verb
Do not indicate actions, occurrences or states of any specific grammatical subject. Exclusively feature 3rd person singular finite forms and convey one of three types of meaning: (a) meteorological conditions; (b) emotional and physical state/experience; (c) modality.
δεῖ - (with personal accusative and infinitive) it behoves (befits) one to, it is necessary to, one must
Enclitic accent
An enclitic is a word that is pronounced as if it were part of the word before it. It ‘leans on’ the preceding word.
Think of enclitics as the slackers of the Greek world. They want nothing more than to get rid of their accent. This progresses in three stages:
Step 1) They try to throw their accent onto the last syllable (ultima) of the preceding word, always in the form of an acute accent.
Step 2) If they can’t, they try just to drop their accent completely.
Step 3) If they can’t, only then do they keep it.
In Attic the common enclitics are the indefinite pronoun, indefinite adjectives and indefinite adverbs, most present indicative forms of the irregular verbs εἰμί (“to be”) and φημί (“to say”), certain particles, and certain unstressed forms of the personal pronouns.
Proclitic Accent
Certain monosyllabic words normally lack their own accent and attach themselves in pronunciation to the following word to form a single word unit. These words are called proclitic because they are considered to “lean forward” on the following word for their accent. Proclitics are normally written without an accent and do not affect the accentuation of the following word. But a proclitic does receive an acute accent when it is followed by an enclitic (defined on the next screen). Also, the proclitic οὐ receives an acute accent when it occurs idiomatically at the end of a phrase, before punctuation.
In Attic the common proclitics are the negative adverb οὐ, the conjunctions εἰ (“if”) and ὡς (“as”), the prepositions εἰς, ἐν, ἐκ, and the nominative singular and plural masculine and feminine forms of the article (ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ).
ὁ πατήρ – “the father”
οὐκ ἀκούεις; – “Do you not hear?”
ἐν τῇ σκηνῇ – “in the tent”
εἰ ἀδικοῖεν… – “If they should act unjustly…”
Prepositions + Accusative
ἀμφί around, about
ἀνά up, through
διά because of, through
εἰς/ἐς into
ἐπί against
κατά down, along, according to
μετά after, behind
παρά to, throughout, beside
περί near, around
πρός toward
ὑπέρ above, over, beyond
ὑπό under
Prepositions + Dative Case
ἀμφί around, near
ἀνά upon
ἐν in
ἐπί on, for the purpose of, because of
παρά with, near
περί about
πρός by, in addition to
σύν with (the help of)
ὑπό under
Prepositions + Genitive Case
ἀμφί around, for the sake of
ἀντί opposite, instead of, for the sake of
ἀπό from
διά through
ἐκ from
ἐπί on, at
κατά down, against
μετά with
παρά from
περί about
πρό before, in front of
πρός toward, (swear) by
ὑπέρ over, on behalf of
ὑπό under, by
Subordinate Clause
A clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause.
Adjectival: relative clauses (definite)
Adverbial: temporal (ἐπεί, ἐπειδή); result (ὥστε + indicative)
Noun: indirect statement (ὅτι + indicative)
Predicative Position
If the words are not in attributive position and an article is present,
ὁ βίος βραχύς.
option 1:
life is short.
///
ἐν τῷ κινδύνῳ ὁ ἄνθρωπος
option 1:
the man is in danger.
This arrangement of words with the article present is called predicate position.
Attributive Position
Tells us that a noun is to be translated with other words. Consider the phrase the woman in the road. The general rule for attributive position is that the article will directly precede the attribute. Three possibilities exist.
article attribute noun:
ὁ ὑπὸ λίθῳ σκορπίος
the scorpion under a rock
article noun article attribute:
ὁ σκορπίος ὁ ὑπὸ λίθῳ
the scorpion under a rock
noun article attribute:
σκορπίος ὁ ὑπὸ λίθῳ
the scorpion under a rock
