syllabus Flashcards
HSC Cores
- Health priorities in Australia
- Factors affecting performance
- Sports medicine
- Improving performance
Core 1
Critical questions
- How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified?
- What are priorities issues for improving Australia’s health?
- What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better health for all Australians?
- What actions are needed to address Australians health priorities
How are priority issues for Australia’s health identified?
Measuring health status
- role of epidemiology
- measure of epidemiology (mortality, infant mortality, morbidity, life expectancy)
Identifying priority health issues
- social justice principles
- priority population groups
- prevalence of condition
- potential for prevention and early intervention
- costs to the individual and community
What are priorities issues for improving Australia’s health?
groups experiencing health inequities
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander
- Socioeconomically disadvantaged people
- people in rural and remote areas
- overseas-born people
- the elderly
- people with disabilities
High levels of preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems
- CVD
- Cancer (skin, breast, lung)
- diabetes
- respiratory disease
- injury
- mental health problems and illnesses
A growing and ageing populations
- healthy ageing
- Increased population living with chronic disease and disability
- demand for health services and workforce shortages
- availability of carers and volunteers
What role do health care facilities and services play in achieving better health for all Australians?
Health care in Australia
- range and type of facilities and services
- responsibility for health facilities and services
- equity of access to health facilities and services
- health care expenditure on early intervention and prevention
- impact of emerging new treatments and technologies on health care eg cost and access, benefits of early detection
- health insurance: Medicare and private
Complementary and and alternative health care approaches
- reasons for growth of complementary and alternative health products and services
- range of products and services available
- how to make informed consumer choices
What actions are needed to address Australia’s health priorities?
Health promotion based on the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter
- levels of responsibility for health promotion
- the benefits of partnerships in health promotion eg government sector, non-government agencies and the local community
- how health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter promotes social justice
- the Ottawa charter in action
Core 2
Critical question
- How does training affect performance?
- How can psychology affect performance?
- How can nutrition and recovery strategies affect performance?
- How does the acquisition of skill affect performance?
How does training affect performance?
Energy systems
- alactacid system (ATP/TC)
- lactic acid system
- aerobic system
Types of training and training methods
- aerobic eg continuous, fartlek, aerobic interval, circuit
- anaerobic eg anaerobic interval
- flexibility eg static, ballistic, PNF, dynamic
- strength training eg free/fixed weights, elastic, hydraulic
Principles of training
- progressive overload
- specificity
- reversibility
- variety
- training thresholds
- warm up and cool down
Physiological adaptations in response to training
- resting heart rate
- stroke volume and cardiac output
- oxygen uptake and lung capacity
- hemoglobin level
- muscle hypertrophy
- effect on fast/slow twitch muscle fibers
How can psychology affect performance?
Motivation
- positive and negative
- intrinsic and extrinsic
Anxiety and arousal
- trait and state anxiety
- sources of stress
- optimum arousal
Psychological strategies to enhance motivation and manage anxiety
- concentration/attention skills (focusing)
- mental rehearsal/visualization/imagery
- relaxation techniques
- goal-setting
How can nutrition and recovery strategies affect performance?
Nutritional considerations
- pre-performance including carbohydrate loading
- during performance
- post-performance
Supplementation
- vitamins/minerals
- protein
- caffeine
- creatine products
Recovery strategies
- physiological strategies eg cool down, hydration
- neural strategies eg hydrotherapy, massage
- tissue damage strategies eg cryotherapy
- psychological strategies eg relaxation
How does the acquisition of skill affect performance?
Stages of skill acquisition
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
Characteristics of the learner eg personality, heredity, confidence, prior experience, ability
The learning environment
- the nature of the skill (open, closed, self-paced, externally-paced)
- the performance elements (decision-making, strategic and tactical development)
- practice method (massed, distributed, whole, part)
- feedback (internal, external, concurrent, delayed, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance)
Assessment of skill and performance
- characteristics of skilled performance eg kinesthetic sense, anticipation, consistency, technique
- objective and subjective performance measures
- validity and reliability of tests
- personal versus prescribed judging criteria
Core 3
Criteria questions
- How are sports injuries classified and managed?
- How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes?
- What role do preventative actions play in enhancing the wellbeing of the athlete?
- How is injury rehabilitation managed?
How are sports injuries classified and managed?
Ways of classify sports injuries
- direct and indirect
- soft and hard tissue
- overuse
Soft tissue injuries
- tears, sprains, contusions
- skin abrasions, lacerations, blisters
- inflammatory disease
Hard tissue injuries
- fractures
- dislocation
Assessment of injuries
- TOTAPS (talk, observe, touch, active and passive movement, skills test)
How does sports medicine address the demands of specific athletes?
Children and young athletes
- medical conditions (asthma, diabetes, epilepsy)
- overuse injuries (stress fractures)
- thermoregulation
- appropriateness of resistance training
Adult and ages athletes
- heart conditions
- fracture/ bone density
- flexibility/ joint mobility
Female athletes
- eating disorders
- iron deficiency
- bone density
- pregnancy
What role do preventative actions play in enhancing the wellbeing of the athlete?
Physical preparations
- pre-screening
- skill and technique
- physical warmup
- warm up, stretching and cool down
Sports policy and the sports environment
- rules of sports and activities
- modified rules for children
- matching of opponents eg growth and development, skill level
- use of protective equipment
- safe grounds, equipment and facilities
Environmental considerations
- temperature regulation (convection, radiation, conduction, evaporation)
- climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind, rain, attitude, pollution)
- guidelines for fluid intake
- acclimatization
Taping and bandaging
- preventative taping
- taping for isolation of injury
- bandaging for immediate treatment of injury
How is injury rehabilitation managed?
Rehabilitation procedures
- progressive mobilization
- graduated exercise (stretching, conditioning, total body fitness)
- training
- use of heat and cold
Return to play
- indicators of readiness for return to play (pain-free, degree of mobility)
- monitoring progress (pre-test and post-test)
- psychological readiness
- specific warm up procedures
- return to play policies and procedures
- ethical considerations eg pressure to participate, use of painkillers
Core 4
Criteria questions
How do athletes train for improved performance?
What are the planning considerations for improving performance?
What ethical issues are related to improving performance?
How do athletes train for improved performance?
Strength training
- resistance training eg elastic, hydraulic
- weight training eg plates, dumbbells
- isometric training
Aerobic training
- continuous/ uniform
- fartlek
- long interval
Anaerobic training (power and speed)
- developing power through resistance/ weight training
- plyometrics
- short interval
Flexibility training
- static
- dynamic
- ballistic
Skill training
- drills practice
- modified and small-sided games
- games for specific outcomes eg decision-making, tactical awareness
What are the planning considerations for improving performance?
Initial planning considerations
- performance and fitness needs (individual/ team)
- schedule of events/ competitions
- climate and season
Planning a training year (periodization)
- phases of competition (pre-season, in-season and off-season phases)
- sub phases (macro and micro cycles)
- peaking
- tapering
- sport-specific sub-phases (fitness components, skill requirements)
Elements to be considered when designing a training season
- health and safety considerations
- providing an overview of the session to athletes (goal-specific)
- warm up and cool down
- skill instruction and practice
- conditioning
- evaluation
Planning to avoid overtraining
- amount and intensity of training
- physiological considerations eg lethargy, injury
- psychological considerations eg loss of motivation
What ethical issues are related to improving performance?
Use of drugs
- the dangers of performance enhancing drug eg physical effects, loss of reputation
- sponsorship and income
- for strength (human growth hormone, anabolic steroids)
- for aerobic performance (EPO)
- to mask other drugs (diuretics, alcohol)
- benefits and limitations of drug testing
Use of technology
- training innovation eg lactate threshold testing, biomechanical analysis
- equipment advances eg swimsuits, golf ball
