sych 102 Flashcards by Luca Rodriguez

The cutaneous, proprioception, and Kinesthesis make up the

Somatosensory System

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perception of touch or pain from stimulation of the skin

Cutaneous Senses

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ability to sense position of body and limbs

Proprioception

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the ability to sense movement of the body an limb

Kinesthesis

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Heaviest organ of the body

Skin

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The outer layer of skin which is made up of dead cells

Epidermis

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below the epidermis and contains four types of mechanoreceptors

Dermis

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a disk-shaped receptor located near the border between the epidermis and dermis (SA1)

Merkel Receptor

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a stack of flattened disks in the dermis just below epidermis(RA1)

Meissner Corpuscle

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branched fibers inside a cylindrical capsule(SA2)

Ruffini Cylinder

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onion-like capsule located deep in the dermis(RA2)

Pacinian Corpuscle

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Type of mechanoreceptor that fire continuously as long as there’s pressure

Slowly Adapting Fibers

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mechanoreceptors that fire at onset and offset of stimulation

Rapidly Adapting

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SA fibers are found in these receptors

Merkel and Ruffini

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RA fibers are found in these receptors

Meissner and Pacini

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These SURFACE RECEPTORS have small receptive fields and respond to slow vibrations

Merkel (SA1) and Meissner (RA1)

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These DEEP RECEPTORS have large receptive field and respond to high vibration rates

Ruffini (SA2) and Pacini (RA2)

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One of the two main pathways from skin to cortex. consists of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information

Medial Leminscal Pathway

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One of the two main pathways from skin to cortex. consists of smaller fibers that carry temperatures and pain information

Spinothalamic Pathway

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Most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the body and synapse in the ____ in the ____, and then on to the ______ or S1

ventrolateral nucleus, Thalamus, Somatosensory Cortex

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Signals travel from the thalamus to the somatosensory receiving area (S1) and the secondary receiving area (S2) in the _____

Parietal Lobe

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minimum separation needed between two points to perceive them as two units

Two-Point Threshold

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placing a grooved stimulus on the skin and asking the participant to indicate the orientation of the grating

Grating acuity

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Specializes in reacting to fine details. Such as reading brail

Merkel receptor

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Reacts when a pencil is grabbed and let go

Meissner receptor

will fire as long as it is stretched

Rufini

will not fire to pressure or stretching as it reacts to special patterns such as vibrations or Fine texture by moving fingers. Ex. Vibrating phone

Pacini

___ receptors are highly packed in the ___. similar to cones in the fovea

SA1, fingertips

A cue to percieve texture that is determined by size, shape, and distribution of surface element

Spacial cues

determined by rate of vibration as skin is moved across finely textured surfaces

Temporal cues

Two receptors (Meissner and Pacinian) may be responsible for this process- called the

Duplex theory of texture perception

Haptic perception is the active exploration of 3D objects with the hand It uses these three systems

Sensory, motor, Cognitive systems

Psychophysical research shows people can correctly identify objects haptically within

1-2 seconds

People use exploratory procedures (EPs):

Lateral motion, contour following, pressure enclosure

object perception is a complicated process involving

somatosensation, movement, and cognition

caused by damage to tissues and joints or by Tumor cells.

Inflammatory pain

caused by damage to the nervous system, such as -Brain damage by a stroke -Repetitive movements which cause conditions like carpel tunnel

Neuropathic pain

signals impending damage to skin ____ receptors in the skin respond to heat, chemicals, severe pressure, cold

Nociceptive pain

are transmitted to the spinal cord and then up the spinal thalamic tract to the brain

Nociceptive signals

Early model that nociceptors are stimulated and send signals to the brain

Direct pathway model of pain

-Pain can be affected by a person's mental state -Pain can occur when there is no stimulation of the skin -Pain can be affected by a persons attention -Phantom limbs

Problems with direct pathway model

-The “gate” consists of substantia gelatinosa cells in the spinal cord(SG- & SG+) -Pain does not occur when the gate is closed by stimulation into the SG- from the central control or L-fibers into the T-cells -Pain does occur from stimulation of the S fibers into the SG+ into the T-cells

Gate control model of pain

-Large diameter (L) fibers- information from tactile stimuli via mechanoreceptors -Small diameter (S) fibers- info from nociceptors -Central Control- Information from cognitive factors from the cortex

Input to gate comes form

Signals from nociceptors travel up the spinothalamic pathway and activate: -Subcortical areas include the hypothalamus, limbic system, and Thalamus. -Cortical areas such as S1 and S2 in the somatosensory cortex, Insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex These areas are called the

Pain matrix

Signals from nociceptors travel up the ___ and activate:

Spinothalamic pathway

The structure that gives the tongue its rough appearance. There are four kinds each with different shape

Papillae

Located in papillae and tongue contain approximately 10,000 of them

Taste buds

Each taste bud has ___ with tips that extend into the taste pore Transduction occurs when chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips

Taste cells

type of papillae: shaped like cones and located over the entire surface (no taste buds)

Filiform

Type of papillae: shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip

Fungiform

type of papillae: series of folds on back and sides

Foliate

type of papillae: shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at the back

Circumvallate

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, Umami

Five basic taste qualities

is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value

Sweetness

is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value

Sweetness

is usually associated with substances that are potentially harmful

Bitter

taste indicates the presence of sodium

Salty

___ pathway for signals the tongue to insula (part of the facial nerve, VII) from the front and sides of the tongue (fungiform + filiform)

Chorda tympani

nerve (IX) from back of tongue (circumvallate + filiate)

Glossopharyngeal

nerve (X) from mouth and throat

Vagus

from soft palate

Superficial petronasal

from soft palate

Superficial petronasal

These pathways make connections in the nucleus of _____ in the spinal cord * Then they travel to the ___ * Followed by areas in the ____: * ___ * Frontal operculum cortex * Orbital frontal cortex

Solitary Tract, Thalamus, Frontal Lobe, Insula

In taste evidence exists for both

specificity and distributed coding

Olfaction: The sense of smell usually results from stimulation of receptors in the

Olfactory Muscosa

humans have __ olfactory receptors dogs have

10 million; 1 billion

many animals are___ - having a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival

Macrosematic

Humans are ___ - a less keen sense of smell that is not crucial to surviveconcentration needed to determine quality of odorant

microsmatic

concentration needed to determine quality of odorant

Recognition Threshold

Humans can discriminate about ___ odors but can't label them currently Appears to be caused by inability to retrieve the name from memory, not from lack of sensitivity

100,000

Olfactory mucosa is located at the top of the

nasal cavity

Odorants are carried along the mucosa coming in contact with the

sensory neurons

Cilia of these neurons contain the receptors Humans have about ___ types of receptors About 10,000 neurons per type of receptor

350

All ORNs of a particular type send signals to one or two glomeruli in the

olfactory bulb

Olfactory muscosa dived into __ zones -Each zone contains a variety of different receptors -Specific types of receptors found only in one zone -Odorants tend to activate ORNs found in a particular zone

primary olfactory (piriform) cortex in the temporal lobe and amygdala, then to secondary olfactory (orbitofrontal) cortex in the frontal lobe.

signals from Olfactory bulb sent to

plays a role in emotional response to odors

Amygdala

-Initially, incoming info activates a number of areas in the Cortex. -As time passes the neural activity is replayed which creates connections between activated areas -Eventually, the activated areas for a particular memory are linked, which stabilizes the memory

How memories are formed in the cortex

Taste + Smell = Flavor -Combo of smell taste and other sensations -Odor stimuli from food in the mouth reaches the Olfactory Mucosa through the retronasal route -The taste of most compounds is influenced by odor but a few are not

The perception of flavor

Responses from Taste and Smell first connected in

Orbital Frontal Cortex

OFC also receives input from the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferotemporal cortex in the

visual WHAT pathway

Bimodal neurons in OFC respond to taste and smell, as well as

Taste and Vision

Firing of OFC neurons is also affected by the level of ___of the animal for a specific food

hunger