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sych 102 Flashcards

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1
Q

The cutaneous, proprioception, and Kinesthesis make up the

A

Somatosensory System

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2
Q

perception of touch or pain from stimulation of the skin

A

Cutaneous Senses

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3
Q

ability to sense position of body and limbs

A

Proprioception

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4
Q

the ability to sense movement of the body an limb

A

Kinesthesis

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5
Q

Heaviest organ of the body

A

Skin

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6
Q

The outer layer of skin which is made up of dead cells

A

Epidermis

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7
Q

below the epidermis and contains four types of mechanoreceptors

A

Dermis

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8
Q

a disk-shaped receptor located near the border between the epidermis and dermis (SA1)

A

Merkel Receptor

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9
Q

a stack of flattened disks in the dermis just below epidermis(RA1)

A

Meissner Corpuscle

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10
Q

branched fibers inside a cylindrical capsule(SA2)

A

Ruffini Cylinder

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11
Q

onion-like capsule located deep in the dermis(RA2)

A

Pacinian Corpuscle

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12
Q

Type of mechanoreceptor that fire continuously as long as there’s pressure

A

Slowly Adapting Fibers

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13
Q

mechanoreceptors that fire at onset and offset of stimulation

A

Rapidly Adapting

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14
Q

SA fibers are found in these receptors

A

Merkel and Ruffini

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15
Q

RA fibers are found in these receptors

A

Meissner and Pacini

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16
Q

These SURFACE RECEPTORS have small receptive fields and respond to slow vibrations

A

Merkel (SA1) and Meissner (RA1)

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17
Q

These DEEP RECEPTORS have large receptive field and respond to high vibration rates

A

Ruffini (SA2) and Pacini (RA2)

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18
Q

One of the two main pathways from skin to cortex. consists of large fibers that carry proprioceptive and touch information

A

Medial Leminscal Pathway

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19
Q

One of the two main pathways from skin to cortex. consists of smaller fibers that carry temperatures and pain information

A

Spinothalamic Pathway

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20
Q

Most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the body and synapse in the ____ in the ____, and then on to the ______ or S1

A

ventrolateral nucleus, Thalamus, Somatosensory Cortex

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21
Q

Signals travel from the thalamus to the somatosensory receiving area (S1) and the secondary receiving area (S2) in the _____

A

Parietal Lobe

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22
Q

minimum separation needed between two points to perceive them as two units

A

Two-Point Threshold

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23
Q

placing a grooved stimulus on the skin and asking the participant to indicate the orientation of the grating

A

Grating acuity

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24
Q

Specializes in reacting to fine details. Such as reading brail

A

Merkel receptor

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25
Q

Reacts when a pencil is grabbed and let go

A

Meissner receptor

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26
Q

will fire as long as it is stretched

A

Rufini

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27
Q

will not fire to pressure or stretching as it reacts to special patterns such as vibrations or Fine texture by moving fingers. Ex. Vibrating phone

A

Pacini

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28
Q

___ receptors are highly packed in the ___. similar to cones in the fovea

A

SA1, fingertips

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29
Q

A cue to percieve texture that is determined by size, shape, and distribution of surface element

A

Spacial cues

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30
Q

determined by rate of vibration as skin is moved across finely textured surfaces

A

Temporal cues

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31
Q

Two receptors (Meissner and Pacinian) may be responsible for this process- called the

A

Duplex theory of texture perception

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32
Q

Haptic perception is the active exploration of 3D objects with the hand
It uses these three systems

A

Sensory, motor, Cognitive systems

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33
Q

Psychophysical research shows people can correctly identify objects haptically within

A

1-2 seconds

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34
Q

People use exploratory procedures (EPs):

A

Lateral motion, contour following, pressure enclosure

35
Q

object perception is a complicated process involving

A

somatosensation, movement, and cognition

36
Q

caused by damage to tissues and joints or by Tumor cells.

A

Inflammatory pain

37
Q

caused by damage to the nervous system, such as
-Brain damage by a stroke
-Repetitive movements which cause conditions like carpel tunnel

A

Neuropathic pain

38
Q

signals impending damage to skin
____ receptors in the skin respond to heat, chemicals, severe pressure, cold

A

Nociceptive pain

39
Q

are transmitted to the spinal cord and then up the spinal thalamic tract to the brain

A

Nociceptive signals

40
Q

Early model that nociceptors are stimulated and send signals to the brain

A

Direct pathway model of pain

41
Q

-Pain can be affected by a person’s mental state
-Pain can occur when there is no stimulation of the skin
-Pain can be affected by a persons attention
-Phantom limbs

A

Problems with direct pathway model

42
Q

-The “gate” consists of substantia gelatinosa cells in the spinal cord(SG- & SG+)
-Pain does not occur when the gate is closed by stimulation into the SG- from the central control or L-fibers into the T-cells
-Pain does occur from stimulation of the S fibers into the SG+ into the T-cells

A

Gate control model of pain

43
Q

-Large diameter (L) fibers- information from tactile stimuli via mechanoreceptors
-Small diameter (S) fibers- info from nociceptors
-Central Control- Information from cognitive factors from the cortex

A

Input to gate comes form

44
Q

Signals from nociceptors travel up the spinothalamic pathway and activate:
-Subcortical areas include the hypothalamus, limbic system, and Thalamus.
-Cortical areas such as S1 and S2 in the somatosensory cortex, Insula, and the anterior cingulate cortex
These areas are called the

A

Pain matrix

45
Q

Signals from nociceptors travel up the ___ and activate:

A

Spinothalamic pathway

46
Q

The structure that gives the tongue its rough appearance. There are four kinds each with different shape

A

Papillae

47
Q

Located in papillae and tongue contain approximately 10,000 of them

A

Taste buds

48
Q

Each taste bud has ___ with tips that extend into the taste pore
Transduction occurs when chemicals contact the receptor sites on the tips

A

Taste cells

49
Q

type of papillae: shaped like cones and located over the entire surface (no
taste buds)

A

Filiform

50
Q

Type of papillae: shaped like mushrooms and found on sides and tip

A

Fungiform

51
Q

type of papillae: series of folds on back and sides

A

Foliate

52
Q

type of papillae: shaped like flat mounds in a trench located at the back

A

Circumvallate

53
Q

Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, Umami

A

Five basic taste qualities

54
Q

is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value

A

Sweetness

55
Q

is usually associated with substances that have nutritive value

A

Sweetness

56
Q

is usually associated with substances that are potentially harmful

A

Bitter

57
Q

taste indicates the presence of sodium

A

Salty

58
Q

___ pathway for signals the tongue to insula (part of the facial nerve, VII) from the front and sides of the tongue (fungiform + filiform)

A

Chorda tympani

59
Q

nerve (IX) from back of tongue (circumvallate + filiate)

A

Glossopharyngeal

60
Q

nerve (X) from mouth and throat

A

Vagus

61
Q

from soft palate

A

Superficial petronasal

62
Q

from soft palate

A

Superficial petronasal

63
Q

These pathways make connections in the nucleus of _____ in the spinal cord
* Then they travel to the ___
* Followed by areas in the ____:
* ___
* Frontal operculum cortex
* Orbital frontal cortex

A

Solitary Tract, Thalamus, Frontal Lobe, Insula

64
Q

In taste evidence exists for both

A

specificity and distributed coding

65
Q

Olfaction: The sense of smell usually results from stimulation of receptors in the

A

Olfactory Muscosa

66
Q

humans have __ olfactory receptors dogs have

A

10 million; 1 billion

67
Q

many animals are___ - having a keen sense of smell that is necessary for survival

A

Macrosematic

68
Q

Humans are ___ - a less keen sense of smell that is not crucial to surviveconcentration needed to determine quality of odorant

A

microsmatic

69
Q

concentration needed to determine quality of odorant

A

Recognition Threshold

70
Q

Humans can discriminate about ___ odors but can’t label them currently
Appears to be caused by inability to retrieve the name from memory, not from lack of sensitivity

A

100,000

71
Q

Olfactory mucosa is located at the top of
the

A

nasal cavity

72
Q

Odorants are carried along the mucosa coming in contact with the

A

sensory neurons

73
Q

Cilia of these neurons contain the receptors
Humans have about ___ types of receptors
About 10,000 neurons per type of receptor

A

350

74
Q

All ORNs of a particular type send signals to one or two glomeruli in the

A

olfactory bulb

75
Q

Olfactory muscosa dived into __ zones
-Each zone contains a variety of different receptors
-Specific types of receptors found only in one zone
-Odorants tend to activate ORNs found in a particular zone

A

4

76
Q

primary olfactory (piriform) cortex in the temporal lobe and amygdala, then to secondary
olfactory (orbitofrontal) cortex in the frontal lobe.

A

signals from Olfactory bulb sent to

77
Q

plays a role in emotional response to odors

A

Amygdala

78
Q

-Initially, incoming info activates a number of areas in the Cortex.
-As time passes the neural activity is replayed which creates connections between activated areas
-Eventually, the activated areas for a particular memory are linked, which stabilizes the memory

A

How memories are formed in the cortex

79
Q

Taste + Smell = Flavor
-Combo of smell taste and other sensations
-Odor stimuli from food in the mouth reaches the Olfactory Mucosa through the retronasal route
-The taste of most compounds is influenced by odor but a few are not

A

The perception of flavor

80
Q

Responses from Taste and Smell first connected in

A

Orbital Frontal Cortex

81
Q

OFC also receives input from the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferotemporal cortex in the

A

visual WHAT pathway

82
Q

Bimodal neurons in OFC respond
to taste and smell, as well as

A

Taste and Vision

83
Q

Firing of OFC neurons is also
affected by the level of ___of
the animal for a specific food

A

hunger

psych 102 (1 decks)

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