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Theriogenology > Swine Theriogenology > Flashcards

Swine Theriogenology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 unique aspects to the reproductive anatomy of sows?

A
  1. UTERUS - long horns, which are the ultimate limiting factor to the high number of offspring sow are able to have (avg. 10)
  2. CERVIX - interdigitating bands, boar has a corkscrew-shaped penis to move pass
  3. OVARIES - bursa surrounds ovary where 15-30 oocytes are ovulated in each estrus
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2
Q

When do pigs go through puberty? What 6 factors affect this?

A

5-8 months (mini pet pigs = 12-16 weeks)

  1. genetics/cross-breeding - express first estrus earlier and produce more piglets/litter
  2. nutrition - reaching 2/3 of mature BW
  3. season/lighting - long days (summer) delays puberty
  4. confinement
  5. boar exposure - 5-30 mins (with physical contact) can make gilts go into heat in the next 28 days
  6. controlled stressors - transportation and relocation
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3
Q

How does parity cause changes in litter sizes of sows?

A

P2 has the lowest performance (sophomore slump)

  • litters increase beyond P2 and are typically highest P5-P6
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4
Q

What are 2 pig breed differences that affect litter size?

A
  1. heterosis (crossbreeding) - more piglets/litter
  2. Meishan pigs - reach puberty earlier and have larger litter sizes (may have longer uterine horns)
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5
Q

What kind of estrous cycle do pigs have? How long is it? How do follicles develop in this time?

A

nonseasonal polyestrous

average 21 days (17-25 day range)

those destined to ovulate frow from 5 mm on day 15 to 8-12 mm at ovulation

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6
Q

What does the onset of estrus coincide with in pigs? How long are females sexually receptive?

A

LH surge

1-3 days depending on weaning to estrus interval (WEI) –> shorter in gilts (hard to monitor!)

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7
Q

When do sows ovulate? When is it preferred to inseminate?

A

36-44 hours after the onset of estrus –> 2/3 to 3/4 of the way through estrus

within 24 hours (preferred 12 hours) prior to ovulation

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8
Q

When is the sow corpus luteum responsive to PGF2a? How does this compare to natural luteolysis?

A

only after day 12

natural luteolysis occurs within days 14-16

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9
Q

What are some behavioral signs of estrus in pigs?

A
  • receptive to mounting - can be sat on by farmer and remains still
  • fence walking
  • vocalization
  • tilted ears
  • kyphosis
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10
Q

What are the 2 anatomical changes associated with estrus in pigs?

A
  1. vulvar swelling
  2. mucinous vaginal discharge
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11
Q

What semen is most commonly used for pigs? What concentration is used?

A

chilled > frozen

1.5-5 billion sperm diluted in a total volume of 80-100 mL - long uterine horns = more distance to travel, be patient

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12
Q

What are the 3 most common sites of semen deposition in sows?

A
  1. intra-cervical
  2. post-cervical
  3. deep uterine (endoscope)

gently rotate catheter counterclockwise to go through cervix

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13
Q

When are sows in pig farms artificially inseminated? What is batch production?

A

during 2nd or 3rd cycle

the farm turns in an all-in all-out manner at the time of weaning

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14
Q

How long do sows go through lactational anesterus? What is the optimum weaning to estrus interval (WEI)?

A

18-21 days

4-7 days

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15
Q

What happens if the weaning to estrus interval is too early? Delayed?

A

<3 days = longer estrus duration (ovulation occurs later, wastes sperm)

> 8 days = shorter estrus duration (ovulates before expectation and won’t be detected)

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16
Q

How are prepubertal gilts, postpubertal and cyclic gilts, and weaned sows managed in pig farms?

A

stimulate onset of first estrus - PG600, boar exposure, transportation, relocation

synchronize estrus - progestins, PG600, GnRH analog (Triptorelin)

synchronize estrus - post-weaning heat detection, GnRH analog (Triptorelin)

17
Q

What are the 4 most common options for hormonal manipulation of sows?

A
  1. PG600 - 400 IU eCG (FSH-like) / 200 IU hCG (LH-like) per 5 mL induces etrus in non-cycling animals (>5.5 months, >85 kg)
  2. Triptorelin - given intravaginally to sows 4 days post-weaning to induce ovulation within 36-48 hr –> AI 22 +/- 2 hr after
  3. progestins (Altrenogest) - given orally at 14 days to synchronize cyclicity with estrus within 4-9 days
  4. PGF2a - only useful after 12 days, natural luteolysis occurs in 14-16 days
18
Q

How long is gestation in pigs?

A

average 114 days

“3/3/3” = 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

19
Q

What induces maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs? What does this require? What other molecule may be responsible?

A
  • blastocysts produce estradiol between day 11 and 12 after ovulation
  • this afters the secretion of PGF2a by endocrine (uterine vasculature) to exocrine (uterine lumen)
  • estrogen does NOT inhibit the production of PGF2a

2 embryos per horn

fibroblast growth factor (FGF-7)

20
Q

What are the 2 major ways of diagnosing pregnancy in pigs?

A
  1. behavior - failure to return to estrus in 18-25 days
  2. U/S
21
Q

What are 3 options for U/S diagnosis of pregnancy in pigs?

A
  1. A-mode - amplitude-depth –> detects fluid-filled uterus with conversion to an audible signal
  2. doppler - detect fetal heat, pulsating umbilical vessels, and uterine arteries
  3. B-mode - real-time, done within 24-35 days
22
Q

What is the main option for parturition induction in sows? What can be added?

A

PGF2a - induce parturition 24 +/- 5 hours after a dose of Dinoprost on day 112 of gestation –> IM, intravulval injection no more than 1 mL from a 0.5”. 20 g needle

10 IU oxytocin 20 hours after PG2a

23
Q

When do udders develop in pregnant sows? What are other signs of farrowing?

A

weeks before farrowing

  • restless for 24 hours
  • decreased appetite* and water intake
  • relaxed, swollen, red vulva
24
Q

Why is it important to promote water intake in pregnant sows? What is the normal piglet interval? How do they most commonly present?

A

avoids constipation that can also block piglets from being pushed out

10-15 min –> ~2 hours is abnormal

cranially (60%) > causally (40%)

25
Q

What is the epidermal membrane?

A

4th fetal membrane, epithelion

normal structure of neonatal pigs and camelids with NO pathological consequence

26
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of abortion in pigs?

A
  1. environment, genetics - fall abortion syndrome
  2. infectious - maternal infection, Parvovirus (SMEDI), swine influenza, PRRS, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis (reportable!!)
  3. non-infectious - mycotoxins (Zearalenone), carbon monoxide

only 40-60% of cases have a definitive diagnosis

27
Q

Infectious and toxic diseases causing abortion, stillbirth, and mummification in swine:

A
28
Q

Infectious and toxic diseases causing abortion, stillbirth, and mummification in swine:

A
29
Q

How can porcine parvovirus be transmitted? What reproductive signs are associated?

A

oronasal or intrauterine (SMEDI)

viral reproductive disease - stillbirths, mummies, embryonic death, infertility

30
Q

What pigs are most commonly affected by porcine parvovirus? How is it prevented? Treated?

A

replacement gilts

vaccination

acclimatization

31
Q

What produces zearalenone? What is the characteristic signs in piglets? What else is seen?

A

Fusarium fungus –> grows on corn, wheat, milo, barley, cottonseed, and sorghum

female piglets born with enlarged vulvas

  • vulvovaginitis
  • vulvar edema
  • mammary development
  • cyclingq sows - anestrus if consumed in diestrus
  • reduced fetal size
  • young boars - reduced libido and testicular size
32
Q

What are the 3 minimum pig breeding herd vaccinations required? When are pre-farrowing vaccines given?

A
  1. Parvovirus
  2. Leptospirosis (5/6 way available)
  3. Erysipelas
    - others considered risk-based

2-6 weeks prior to farrowing

Theriogenology (22 decks)

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