Swine Flashcards
All domestic and miniature swine are?
Sus scrofa
How many chromosomes does Sus scrofa have?
38
What is the lifespan of a swine?
15-25 years
For meat production pigs what is the usual lifespan?
- 6 months
Breeding stocks breed for how many years?
5 years
What is the order and family for swine?
Artiodactyla suidae
What is the gestation for a swine?
110-116 days
What is the estrous cycle of an adult swine?
18-24 days
What is the resting pulse for a pig?
60-90 for adults and 100-120 for immature
What is the breathing rate for a pig?
10-20 for adults and 24-36 for immature
What is the resting temperature?
100.4-102.2 for adults and102.2-104 for immature
True or False: Weight ranges tend vary depending on the breed and the stage of growth or development.
True
True or False: Piglets tend to not be pretty mobile shortly after birth
False: they are mobile
Newborns nurse hourly within the first few days of life and if needed piglets can be trained to
drink milk from a bowl within 48hrs
Piglets as we all know, are susceptible to the development of
microcytic and hypochromic anemia
Since piglets can develop anemia, what type of injection can they recieve?
IM injections of iron within the first 48h of birth
100-200mg Fe dextran
True or False: piglets dont require external heat
False
Since piglets don’t have brown fat they cant do what?
they don’t metabolize glycogen and lipid stores for thermal control
Another important thing to remember about young domestic swine is that the epiphyses of the long bones are not closed until
3.5 years of age
If a swine doesnt have access to water what can they develop?
Salt toxicosis
How many feedings can pigs thrive off of
1-2 feedings per day
Pigs are true; carnivores, herbivories or omnivores
they are true omnivores
To prevent salt toxicosis what should be provided to prevent water deprivation
Salt licks
What are two contents are important because the deficiencies can lead to cardiac and hepatic pathology?
Vitamin E and Selenium
What is often needed for research purposes?
pre-surgical fasting
How long will it take to empty the stomach and small intestine in swine?
8-12hrs
How long will it take to empty the colon?
48-72 hours
During times of fasting, nutrition can be maintained by using
flavored oral electrolyte and glucose solutions.
Excessive salt intake can lead to
salt poisoning, salt toxicity, hypernatremia or water deprivation - sodium ion intoxication
Salt poisoning is unlikely to occur as long as
sodium-regulating mechanisms are intact and fresh drinking water is available.
In general, animals can tolerate high concentrations of salt or sodium in the diet
if they have continuous access to fresh water.
Salt poisioning is direct related to
water consumption
Although salt poisoning has historically been more common in
swine
The acute oral lethal dose of salt in swine, horses, and cattle is
2.2g/kg
after 1-5 days of limited water intake what will occur?
intermittent seizures occur with the pig sitting on its haunches, jerking its head backward and upward, and finally falling on its side in clonic-tonic seizures and opisthotonos.
What will occur in terminally ill pigs that have a lack of water?
may lie on their sides, paddling in a coma, and die within a few to 48 hr.
Individual shipments of swine are:
Mixing animals from multiple vendors is:
preferred
poor practice
Swine should be purchased from vendor herds that are
validated brucellosis-free and
qualified pseudorabies-negative by the USDA
Breeding herd animals vaccinated against
erysipelas, leptospirosis, porcine parvovirus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida, and Escherichia coli.
Purebred registered herds
Have a known lineage, genetic uniformity, often closed colony, and generally have better management.
Commercial production swine
Readily available, cheap, better viability.
SPF herds
Some for experimental purposes, some for commercial production.
SPF miniature swine herds
Purpose-bred for research, advantage is small body size of adults (30-50 kg), disadvantage is cost
True or False:
Similar physiology to humans
Similar digestive tract and cardiovascular system to humans
Close to the human in size, especially mini pigs
True
What are the similar disease progression for humans and pigs?
Metabolic (e.g., obesity and heart disease)
Infectious diseases- numerous organisms can cause infections across species
How do you prevent or treat Vitamin E and Selenium Deficiency?
Injection of Vitamin E and/or selenium
- prevention is possible through supplementation of feed or drinking water
Feeds high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, copper, vitamin A or mycotoxins
can either destroy vitamin E or make it less bioavailable.
-Grains from soils deficient in selenium, or selenium antagonists in mixed feeds.
What is foot rot (bush foot)?
Infection of the claw which becomes swollen and extremely painful around the coronary band
What is the cause of infection for foot rot? Does this occur in all feets or just one?
. Fusiformis bacteria. Only occurs in one, most seen in the hind feet *outer dewclaws
Progression of infection leads to
enlarged hoof and inflammation of the joint (arthritis)
True or False: The condition is important because of the effect on reproductive performance of the breeding females
true
Foot Rot TX
Oral Therapy
Injection of Antibiotics
Zinc sulfate & Copper sulfate
Zinc sulfate at the rate of 1/2 (0.5) gram per day for 21 days
Penicillin and streptomycin combo
What is PSS?
Mutation in the calcium-release channel protein (ryanodine receptor [RYR]).
PSS has a mutation seen in what breeds?
Landrace, Yorkshire, Duroc, Pietrain, and Poland China and other breeds, including miniature potbellied pigs.
What is the mode of inheritance for PSS?
is autosomal recessive with variable penetrance.
PPS clinical signs are associated with
exposure to halothane and succinylcholine
PSS progression leads to:
Tx and Prevention
Screening:
dyspnea, blanched and reddened areas on the skin, increased body temperature, and cyanosis.
Dantrolene
DNA-based test
Research Uses:
1.Cardio - atherosclerosis,myocardical infraction, CHD, CPR, grafts,stents and interventional devices
2.Gastro - obesity, hepatic metabolism,probiotics and gut physiology
3.Renal - Renal hypertension ,Transplantation and preservation, Kidney and ureter
4.Reproductive - Maternal-fetal interactions, Fetal surgery and microsurgical techniques, and OB/GYN surgical procedures
5.Diabetes research - Segmental pancreatic transplants, Pancreatectomy Models
6. Surgical: Increasingly, swine have been used in research and teaching studies involving surgical models.
Musculoskeletal system:
Bone grafts and implants
Temporomandibular joint studies
Integument system:
Plastic surgery
Wound healing and skin flaps, grafts (i.e., burns)
Cell and Organ transplantation
Heart, Lung, Liver, Kidney
Xenotransplantation
Stroke
AIDS dimentia
Melanoma
Osteoporosis
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sinclair S-1 (hormel) Maglignant Melanoma
derived from the Hormel random bred mini pig and has a 85% incidence at 1 year of age
For Sinclair S-1 (hormel) Maglignant Melanoma, the tumor can be single or on multiple areas of the skin:
Metastasize to internal organs.
Malignant spontaneous regressing melanoma
Spontaneous regression of Sinclar S-1 has what type of effects
cytotoxic effects of infiltrated tumor-specific T lymphocytes is most common
There are several major concerns regarding the use of swine for xenotransplantation particularly zoonotic risks and ethical issues, what are they?
Acquired zoonoses
Normal flora and environmental contaminants
Viral latency, endogenous retroviruses
What is tolerogenic? how does is follow?
the transplant hierachy of tolerance
liver>kidney>heart>lung>skin
What is the research use for interventional radiology?
PDA (Patent ductus arteriosus)
ASD (Atrial septal defect)
Occlusion
Angioplasty
Coronary artery catheterization
Catheter oblation techniques
Stent placement
