Swallowing

Question 1

What happens to the concentration of bicarbonate ions in saliva as the flow rate increases?

Answer 1

a

Question 2

What consequences of chronic reflux disease will commonly cause dysphagia?

Answer 2

Formation of fibrous strictures on the lower oesophagus which represent a physical barrier, especially to solid food

Question 3

What is dysphagia?

Answer 3

Problems swallowing

Question 4

In what circumstances can metaplasia of the lower oesophagus cause dysphagia?

Answer 4

Metaplasia in itself does not cause dysphagia (often individuals with metaplasia of the lower oesophagus are asymptomatic). If metaplasia goes on to develop into adenocarcinoma of the lower oesophagus then the cancer can cause dysphagia.

Question 5

What are the consequences of oesophagitis (inflammation of the oesophagus?

Answer 5

It can cause painful swallowing but unless there is fibrous scarring then dysphagia is rare.

Question 6

What effect may a oesophageal tumour have on swallowing?

Answer 6

Narrowing of the oesophageal lumen can cause dysphagia. It will be harder to swallow food than liquids. Fluids may be harder to swallow as the tumour grows (progressive dysphagia).

Question 7

What cause of swallowing problems is more likely to cause choking?

Answer 7

CNS problems such as a stroke where the coordination of the swallowing mechanism may be affected