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Geography Sec 2 > sustainable cities > Flashcards

sustainable cities Flashcards

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1
Q

Breakdown of sustainable cities

A

Sustainable:
- main function: amenities (DC)
- high population density
- large population size

Cities:
- secondary/ tertiary industries/ consumers
- way of life

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2
Q

ways to describe the characteristics of cities

A
  • large population size
  • high population density
  • built-up areas
  • range of functions
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3
Q

characteristics of cities (large population size)

A
  • Different countries use different guidelines to identify their city.
  • It would usually be a minimum population size.
  • Population size determines the size of the city
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4
Q

characteristics of cities ( high population density)

A
  • Measurement of the number of people living in a unit area of land.
  • Cities typically have higher population density.
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5
Q

characteristics of cities (built-up areas)

A
  • Land surface is mostly covered by buildings.
  • Cities have intensive infrastructure.
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6
Q

characteristics of cities (range of functions)

A
  • Cities serve a range of functions or activities; such as administrative, commercial, education,
    manufacturing
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7
Q

POPULATION DENSITY FORMULA (1 dp)

A

number of people living in an area / land area

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8
Q

What is the Relationship between Cities and Rural Areas?

A

(a) Rural-Urban Migration
(b) Provision of Goods and Services

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9
Q

Rural-Urban Migration

A

movements of people from rural areas to urban areas such as towns and cities

PUSH FACTORS
(Reasons why migrants leave their place of origin)
- landlessness
- war and civil disorder
- intolerance of alternative lifestyles
- desertification
- lack of medical facilities
- rapid population growth
- lack of educational opportunity

PULL FACTORS
(Reasons that attract migrants to a destination)
- emplyment opportunities
- promise of higher standars of living
- entertainment
- medical facilities
- educational opportunities

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10
Q

Provision of Goods and Services

A
  • Cities rely on rural areas for food supply (since there is limited land space for agriculture in cities).
  • Rural farmers rear animals or grow crops for their own needs or sell them at markets in the cities.
  • Rural inhabitants travel to cities for their amenities.
    • E.g. Hospital (where they can get expert medical help and advanced treatment).
    • They can also buy certain goods which are only available in the malls in the city.
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11
Q

What opportunities are there for people in cities?

A
  1. education and employment
  2. technological innovation
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12
Q

education and employment opportunities

A
  • Cities are centres of learning with a variety of
    educational institutions, including vocational schools and universities that cater to different interest.
  • Businesses in the cities can benefit by hiring directly from a large pool of skilled employees.
  • They can also offer work-study arrangements with educational institutions to train their employees.
  • With education, people can gain useful knowledge and skills and can apply what they have learnt when they gain employment.
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13
Q

technological innovation opportunities

A
  • Cities are known for technological innovation which is the use of scientific knowledge to create new products or services.
  • This is possible because many skilled
    people live in the cities, such as researchers, designers and entrepreneurs.
  • There is also funding from governments
    and investors to experiment with new ideas.
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14
Q

How to make the outdoor environment cooler

A
  1. vegetation
  2. transport
  3. material and surfaces
  4. energy
  5. urban geometry
  6. water bodies and features
  7. shading
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15
Q

making it cooler (vegetation)

A

green roofs and vertical greenery are some ways of using plants to prevent sunlight from heating up buildings

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16
Q

making it cooler (transport)

A

Singapore’s transport sector is one of the biggest producers of heat on the island. boosting public transport use, or promoting active mobility like walking or cycling, could help.

17
Q

making it cooler (material and surfaces)

A

using light-colored surfaces or reflective materials on roads, roofs and building facades could reduce the effect of sunlight heating up urban areas

18
Q

making it cooler (energy)

A

energy consumption contributes to the urban heat island effect. Lowering this through the use of energy-efficient equipment, such as air-conditioners and refrigerators, could help

19
Q

making it cooler (urban geometry)

A

this essentially refers to the way buildings and urban structures are arranged. Varying building heights and building forms can improve wind capture

20
Q

making it cooler (water bodies and features)

A

ponds on roofs or on the ground floors help to prevent the overheating of urban surfaces

21
Q

making it cooler (shading)

A

it is not just trees that can provide shade. researchers have suggested that shading devices, such as canopies, blinds or shutters, can be installed outside or inside , on or around the building development

22
Q

What challenges do people in cities face?

A

A. Increased environmental pollution
* water pollution
* air pollution

B. Competition for natural resources
* land resource
* water resource

23
Q

Increased Water Pollution

A
  • Water supplies in cities are often affected by improper management of household and industrial waste due to inadequate or broken sewage systems.
  • This causes water quality to be reduced.
  • pollution can threaten human and aquatic life.
24
Q

Increased Air Pollution

A

(causes from people)
Cities often face air pollution because of the use of coal to generate electricity, high volume of vehicular traffic and emissions from factories.

(impacts for community)
* Prolonged exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory infection, lung cancer, heart diseases or even death.

  • poor health will lead to an increase in healthcare services.
25
Q

Competition for Natural Resources – Land Resources

A
  • There is a high demand for land in cities to accommodate their large and growing populations for different purposes.

Population Density -> Large : Rural Urban Migration

Population Density -> Growing : Increase in rural urban migration, Birth rates increase

Land used for: (leads to competition for land)
- housing
- industries
- natural reserves
- roads/ transport
- water catchment areas

26
Q

Competition for Natural Resources – Water Resource (water scarcity)

A
  • Competition for land limits the construction or expansion of reservoirs.
  • Water catchment areas and groundwater are also affected as more natural vegetation is converted to concrete surfaces.
  • water rationing
  • surface runoff
    X infiltration X
27
Q

How can Cities be Sustainably Built and Managed?

A

A. Environmental Management
* Management of physical environment
* Management of hazards

B. Improving quality of life
* Providing safe housing
* Providing a variety of transportation modes
* Considering the needs of different groups

28
Q

Environmental Management – management of Physical Environments

A
  • Cities have large environmental footprints.
  • Large amount of waste and pollutants are released into the physical environment, giving rise to environmental pollution.
  • We therefore need management strategies to regulate the use of natural resources and minimize the negative environmental impact
    from human activities.
    For e.g.:
    i. Reducing pollution through water
    treatment ponds.
    ii. Reducing air pollution through laws.
29
Q

Reducing Pollution through Water Treatment Ponds

A
  • Kranji Reservoir is one of the 17 reservoirs in Singapore and is located in an agricultural area.
  • When it rains, rainwater mixes with nutrients
    from nearby farms and pollute the reservoir.
  • To prevent this water treatment ponds have been built to channel and collect rainwater and excess nutrients.
  • Plants such as cattails and fragrant pandan
    are grown in the water treatment ponds.
30
Q

Reducing Air Pollution through Laws

A
  • City governments enact laws to regulate people’s actions and industrial activities.
  • For e.g. In China, the cities of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei have adopted the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan.
  • Some strategies : license plate lottery policy (limits number of new vehicles that can be registered) & vehicle restriction rule (limits the use of private cars to selected days in a week according to the last number of their license plate.
  • Outcome : lower air pollution and lessen traffic congestion.
31
Q

Environmental Management – Management of Hazards

A
  • Hazards are events that have a negative impact on people, the physical and built environments and the economy.
  • human-induced hazards arise from human actions or inaction, such as ignoring safety regulations or warnings e.g. fires, oil spills and
    industrial accidents.
  • natural hazards arise from processes in the physical environment. For example, earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruptions. (tectonic activities)
  • Management strategies include:
    i. Use of better quality building materials
    ii. Land use planning (floods)
32
Q

Use of Better Quality Building Materials

A
  • Buildings need to be of good quality to withstand the threat of hazards such as earthquakes.
  • Japan is recognised as a world leader in designing and building earthquake resistant buildings.
       *to allow people to evacuate    *minimise damage
33
Q

Land Use Planning

A
  • Land use planning involves making decisions on how land resources may be used for various purposes such as housing, recreation and transport.
  • Planning agencies may disallow some of these uses and construction in unsafe locations to prevent hazards from occurring.
  • This information is shared with land owners and property developers to ensure everyone’s safety.
34
Q

Improve Quality of Life

A
  • Quality of life refers to a person’s well being, which is affected by several factors such as physical and mental health, level of independence and relationship with others.
  • Strategies to improve quality of life include:
    i. Providing safe housing
    ii. Providing a variety of transportation modes
    iii. Considering the needs of different groups
35
Q

Providing Safe Housing

A
  • Housing refers to structures or buildings constructed to shelter people from weather elements such as extremely high or low temperatures or rain.
  • Squatter settlements (slums) form when housing supply is insufficient or too expensive. People may resort to building their homes at locations without obtaining permission.
36
Q

Providing a Variety of Transportation Modes

A
  • Transportation modes refer to the ways in which people and goods move from one location to another.
  • Benefits:
  • More options to move around.
  • Reduced traffic congestion.
  • Reduced environmental pollution
37
Q

Considering the Needs of Different Groups

A
  • Cities need to be designed with the needs of various groups – such as elderly people and persons with disabilities.
  • Singapore adopts a Universal Design Concept for buildings in public areas.
  • Aims to create a built environment that is safe and accessible for everyone, including children, the elderly and persons with disabilities.
38
Q

How can Cities be Sustainably Built and Managed?

A

A. Environmental Management
* Management of physical environment

B. Improving quality of life
* Providing safe housing
* Providing a variety of transportation modes
* Considering the needs of different groups

Geography Sec 2 (5 decks)

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