susceptibility

Question 1

what are susceptibility models

Answer 1

addiction is caused due to individual vulnerabilities such as genetic, psychological or environmental factors

Question 2

what is the peak time for experimenting with drugs

Answer 2

late teens and early 20s - PFC not fully developed

Question 3

what percentage of addiction vulnerability is hereditary

Answer 3

40-60%

Question 4

what are the susceptibility factors

Answer 4

• drug availability in local area
• prevalence of drug use in local area
• neighbourhood
• criminality in family
• parental socioeconomic status
• broken home
• mental health of parents
• parent-child attachment
• peer group social norms
• parent/sibling drug use
• poor parenting
• failure at school
• genetics and role modelling

Question 5

what did Tarter et al 2003 find about susceptibility factors

Answer 5

• rare longitudinal study
• followed children from age 10 to 19
• split into high and low-risk groups
• matched across household income, parent education, parent drug use
• concluded that ‘neurobehavioural disinhibition’ was greater than the high risk group predicted to illicit drug use

Question 6

what is neurobehavioural disinhibition

Answer 6

a composite score of
- difficult temperament
- conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder
- ADHD
- depression
- disruptive behaviour disorder
- tests measuring low executive cognitive function

• those at risk of drug abuse show disorganised behaviour, possibly stemming abnormality in the frontal cortex, causing poor decision making.

Question 7

what did bechara et al 2000 find - Iowa gambling task

Answer 7

• patients with PFC lesions do much worse than normal because they opt for high immediate gains despite higher future losses

Question 8

in the Iowa gambling task who frequently selects the high reward decks despite the net loss of points

Answer 8

• frontal lesions
• in adolescence
• with a conduct disorder
• with ADHD
• with schizophrenia
• who indulge drugs of all cases

Question 9

what is the cause and effect

Answer 9

• risky decisions making seen in high-risk children before any drug use
• risky decisions making predicted the onset and magnitude of drug use
• suggests PFC damage or dysregulation is a major susceptibility factor for becoming a drug user
• circular system

Question 10

what aspects of risky decision making can predict drug use

Answer 10

• reward hypersensitivity
• reward hyposensitivity
• punishment insensitivity
• faulty error detection

Question 11

what is the DSM Drug Dependence Criteria

Answer 11

• continued use of drugs even though known to cause trouble with family or friends
• job/study troubles because of drug use - missing too much work, being demoted/not doing work well, being suspended/losing a job, being expelled/dropping out of school
• continued use of drugs even though known to cause a health problem or make a health problem worse

Question 12

how did Deroshe-Gamonet et al research punishment insensitivity

Answer 12

• trained the rats to give themselves coke, then put them through withdrawal
• reintroduced coke and provided a cue that previously predicted coke delivery, some relapsed
• introduced a small experimental punishment for relapsed rats
• some animals keep wanted the coke even when paired with a shock

Question 13

what is error detection

Answer 13

• addicts may have full knowledge of the adverse consequences of their drug taking, but just not be able to use this knowledge to correct their behaviour
• event related potential used to measure the responses of cocaine addicts to error in their performance

Question 14

what did Franken et al 2007 find about error detection

Answer 14

• cocaine addicts showed a reduced frontal activity in response to errors and less post-error improvement in performance
• suggests that addicts may have less knowledge of the adverse consequences of their behaviour and so less ability to use this knowledge to modify their behaviour