survival and the human organism Flashcards
anatomy
investigates the structure of the body
to dissect, cut apart, seperate
physiology
deals with the processes of functions of living things (dynamic structures)
cell
basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plans and animals
types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous
tissue
is a group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
the characteristics of cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue
Metabolism
ability to use energy for growth and movement
Responsiveness
we need to detect changes in our environment and respond appropriately to those changes. Includes internal (body temperature) and external (finding food sources) environments
Ie/ pumping blood through more rapidly
Growth
an increase in the size or number of cells, cell reproduction and growth is needed for adaptation, injury repair, and tissue and organ maintenance
Development
cells differentiate throughout development, they change their specific
structure to become specialized to do specific functions – muscle, bone and nerve cells have very different structures that facilitate their unique functions
Different cell types
Reproduction
reproduction of organisms is not discussed within this course, our focus is on the survival of the individual, not of the human species
Body temperature
One example is the maintenance of body temperature at around 37 degrees Celsius
Chemical reactions occur a different rates at different temperatures, if our body temperature gets to low (below 34 degrees Celsius)”hypothermic”, some chemical reactions needed for survival may get too slow to be effective
If temperature gets too high (above 40 degrees Celsius) molecules and cells can be damaged losing function, this is especially important in the brain
Homeostasis
the process by which we maintain a stable internal environment
This requires the continuous monitoring and regulation of many body conditions. Cells require many variables (volume, temperature, a variety of chemical compositions) to be within a narrow range (set point) for proper function
Set point
a normal range around which homeostatic variables are maintained
Body temperature ~37 + - .5 degrees Celsius.
Blood pressure ~ 110 / 80 mmHg
Negative feedback
the process that regulates most homeostatic variables, working to reduce the deviation from set point
If body temperature rises, the evaporation of sweat will decrease temperature back towards the set point
If blood pressure increases, heart rate and stroke volume decrease the amount of blood being pumped, and blood vessels dilate (become larger) to reduce blood pressure back down towards the set point.
Chemical level
Atoms(colored balls) combine to form molecules
Atoms—molecule(DNA)
Cell level
Molecules form organelles, such as nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells
Molecule(DNA)—smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle cell- mitochondria- nucleus
Tissue level
Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
Smooth muscle cell—smooth muscle tissue
Organ level
Different tissues combine to form organs, such a urinary bladder
Wall of urinary bladder- epithelium- connective tissue- smooth muscle tissue- connective tissue
Smooth muscle tissue—urinary bladder
Organ system level
Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system
Urinary bladder—urinary system
Urinary system- kidney- ureter- urinary bladder- urethra
Organism level
Organ systems make up an organism
Urinary system—organism
Anatomy
Investigates the structure of the body
To dissect, cut apart, separate
Physiology
Deals with processes of functions of living things-(dynamic structures)
Cell
Basic structural and functional units of organism, such as plants and animals
Tissue
A group of similar cells and materials surrounding them
The characteristics of cells and surrounding materials determine the functions of the tissue
Types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
