Survey - Overview of Peace Treaties

Question 1

Treaty of Versaille

Answer 1

Signed with Germany, 28 June 1919 produced from the Paris Peace Conference
* 440 articles
* First 26 detailed the Covenant of the League of Nations. The rest was of Germany’s punishment.
* There were no German delegates present through the proceedings and were forced to sign to remain independent.

Question 2

ToV : territory cessations

Answer 2

Article 51: France took back Alsac-Lorraine, which Germany had seized in the 1871 Franco-Prussian War.

Article 87-93: Newly independent Poland received German West Prussia and other territory with ethnic German inhabitants.

Article 119: stripped Germany of African and Chinese colonies, given to Japan as compensation (for exclusion from the Paris Conference)

Question 3

ToV - foreign policy

Answer 3

Article 80: Respect the independence of Austria - Anschlus was forbidden

Article 81-86: Germany must renounce territorial claims and recognise the indpendence of Czechoslovakia

Question 4

ToV: Military limitations

Answer 4

Article 159-163: Army restrained to 100,00 + navy personnel restricted to 15,000

Article 164-172: Disarment of the German military, limiting the no. of ammunition and weapons it could possess, and war materials could only be manufactured in Allied-approved factories.

Article 173: Abolishment of mandatory conscription

Article 181-197: Naval forces reduced - submarine fleet eliminated

Article 198-202: Prohibtion of offensive aerial force.

Question 5

ToV: The War Guilt Clause

Answer 5

Article 231: “Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her all allies for causing all the loss and damage […] as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.
* This injured national pride, and caused global humiliation.

Question 6

ToV: Reparations

Answer 6

Article 235: “Germany shall pay in installments to restore the industrial and economic life of the Allied and Associative Governments […] (of gold, commodites, ships, securities or
otherwise) as the Reparation Commission may fix [established Article 232] of 20,000,000,000 (20 billion) gold marks.”

Question 7

ToV: Renunciation

Answer 7

Article 292: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (3 March 1918) was overturned, and land that Germany would have taken from Russia became Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

Question 8

Treaty of Saint-Germaine

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Answer 8

Signed 10 September 1919 with Austria
Formal dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
* Recognition of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Poland.
* Anschluss forbidden
* Army restricted to 30,000
* Reduction of economy - became landlocked.
* Loss of 83,600 sq miles and 24 million population

Question 9

Treaty of Trianon

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Answer 9

Signed 4 June 1920 with Hungary
* Territory lost to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia (renamed from Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) and Romania
* Liable to reparations - although none were made
* Army limited to 35,000
* Lost 2/3 land, including important economic resources such as timber, coal, iron industries.
* Lost 70% of their population (in territory cessations)

Question 10

Treaty of Neuilly

basic

Answer 10

Signed 27 November 1919 with Bulgaria
* 100 million pounds reparations to the Allies
* Territory lost - Access to Mediterranean was lost, negatively impacting economy
* Army restricted to 20,000

Question 11

Paris Peace Conference

Answer 11

January 18, 1919 and Germany was not invited.

Question 12

Treaty of Laussane

Answer 12

Signed 24 July 1923 with Turkey, overriding the Treaty of Sevres that was signed with the Ottoman Empire - new state cooperative with Allies
* Cancel reparations and military limitations
* Return of territory - Smyrna