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Human Origins > survey of the living primates > Flashcards

survey of the living primates Flashcards

1
Q

quadrupedal

A

using all four limbs in locomotion

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2
Q

brachiation

A

arm swinging

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3
Q

anthropoids

A

old scheme
monkeys, apes and humans

  • larger brain and body size
  • reduced reliance on sense of smell, increased reliance on vision
  • greater degree of color vision
  • bony plate at back of eye socket
  • blood supply to brain different from lemurs and lorises
  • fused mandible
  • longer gestation and maturation
  • generalized dentition
  • increased parental care
  • more utual grooming
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4
Q

prosimians

A

old scheme:

lemurs, lorises and tarisers

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5
Q

old classification scheme

A

based on evolutionary systematics

prosimians and anthropoids

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6
Q

new classification scheme

A

based on cladistics

strepsirhines and haplorhines

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7
Q

strepsirhines

A

new scheme:
lemurs and lorises

  • most primitive
  • more reliance on olfaction as evidenced by moist fleshy pad, or rhinarium
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8
Q

haplorhines

A

tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans

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9
Q

monkeys

A

reperesent about 85% of all primates

2 groups:
new world monkeys (NWMs
Old world monkeys
OWMs)

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10
Q

new world monkeys

A

inhabit mexico through upper right half of south america

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11
Q

Platyrrhine

A

new world

  • 70 species found in wide range of arboreal environments
  • outward facing notstrels (flat nosed)
  • all diurnal except owl monkey
  • quadrupedal
  • most live in mixed-sex groups
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12
Q

old world monkeys

A

inhabit lower half of africa and lower segment of Asia

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13
Q

catarhine

A

old world monkeys

  • habitat ranges from tropical jungle to semiarid desert to seasonally snow covered areas
  • cercopithecidae
  • -cercopitecines: More omnivorous with cheek pouches, arboreal, mostly in africa
  • -colobines: mainly eat leaves
  • most are quadrupedal and primarily arboreal
  • ischial callosities, hardeed skin on butt
  • sexual dimorphism
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14
Q

difference between apes and humans from monkeys

A
  • larger body size
  • absence of a tail***
  • lower back shorter and more stable
  • arms longer than legs
  • anatomical differences in shoulder joint
  • more complex behavior
  • more complex brain and cognitive abilities
  • increased period of infant development and dependency
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15
Q

gibbons and siamangs

A
  • tropical areas of southeast asia
  • adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches
  • -long arms, curved fingers, short thumbs, powerful shoulder muscles
  • diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects
  • basic social unit is a monogamous pair and offspring
  • males and females delineate territories with whoops and “songs”
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16
Q

orangutans

A
  • found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra
  • almost completely arboreal
  • males = 200 pounds
  • females=100 pounds
  • Pronounced sexual dimorphism
  • Principallly frugivorous (feed-eating)
17
Q

Gorillas (gorilla gorilla)

A
  • largest of living primates
  • confined to forested regions of central africa
  • males weigh up to 400 pounds, females 200 pounds
  • primarily terrestrial, using a posture called (knuckle-walking)
  • Groups consist of one large silverback male, a few adult females, and sub-adult offspring
18
Q

chimps

A
  • found in equatorial africa
  • anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in limb proportions and upper-body shape
  • locomotion includes knuckle walking on the ground and brachiation on trees
  • eat a variety of plant and animal foods
  • large, fluid communities of as many as 50 individuals
19
Q

bonobos

A
  • only found in south of Zaire river
  • Population is believed to only nuber few thousand indiv.
  • explotis same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals
  • male-female bonds constitute societal core
  • sexuality includes frequent copulations throughout female’s estrous cycle
20
Q

humans

A
  • only living species in family hominidae
  • human teeth are typical primate teeth
  • dependence on vision for orientation to world
  • flexible limbs and grasping hands
  • omnivorous diet
  • cog. abilities are result of big brains
  • bipedal
21
Q

reason for endangered primates

A
  • habitat destruction
  • hunting
  • live capture for local trade or export

Human Origins (6 decks)

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