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Survey Of Natural Sciences Flashcards

1
Q

5 kingdoms

A 
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
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2
Q

Autotroph

A

Organism synthesizes its own food from inorganic substances using light or energy

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3
Q

Heterotroph

A

Organism cannot synthesize its own food and dependent on complex organic substances for nutrition

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4
Q

Saprophyte

A

Organism grows on and derives its nourishment from dead/decaying organic matter

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5
Q

Parasite

A

Organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host

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6
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Organism requiring oxygen to live

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7
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Organism can live in he absence or presence of atmospheric oxygen

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8
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Organism needs to live in absence of atmospheric oxygen

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9
Q

Types of archaebacteria

A

Thermophiles: live in extremely hot/acidic/moist/sulfuric environments

Methagens: obligate anaerobes which oxidize CO2 during cellular respiration to produce CH4 as waste product

Halophiles: live inextremely salty environments

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10
Q

Types of eubacteria

A

Gram negative

Gram positive

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11
Q

Morphological classifications of bacteria

A 
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilli
Diplo (duplexes)
Staph (clusters)
Strept (chains)
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12
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Smallest living cells

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13
Q

Blue green algae

A

Prokaryotic

No flagella or organelles

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14
Q

Protista are _______

A

Eukaryotic

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15
Q

Types of protists

A

Rhizopoda: naked or shelled amoebas
Sporozoa: parasitic with complex life cycles
Ciliphora: use cilia for motility and feeding
Zoomastigina: use flagella for motility

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16
Q

Fungi are _______

A

Heterotrophs

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17
Q

Plant kingdom is ________

A

Multicellular, autotrophic

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18
Q

Non vascular plants =

A

Bryophytes

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19
Q

Vascular plants=

A

Tracheophytes

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20
Q

Gymnosperms=

A

Conifers

Unprotected seeds

Retain leaves through winter

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21
Q

Angiosperms=

A

Flowering plants

Protected seeds

Monocots (1 cotyledon)
Dicots (2 cotyledons)

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22
Q

Porifera

A

Sponges

2 layers of cells arranged in sac

Can regenerate from only pieces

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23
Q

Radiata

A

Coelenterates (Hydra, medusa, sea anemone, corals)

Digestive sac sealed at one end

Tenticles

24
Q

Acoelomates

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Bilaterally symmetrical

3 layer cells

Single opening gastrovascular cavity

25
Pseudocoelomates
Nematodes Roundworms Long digestive tube and anus Sexual reproduction
26
Protosomes
Annelida and mollusca Snails clams squids Soft bodies and mantles Breathe through gills Chambered heart
27
Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids, crustaceans Jointed appendages Exoskeleton of chitin Open circulatory system
28
Deuterostomes
Echinodermata Stars sea urchins Spiny/radial symmetrical
29
Types of Chordata
Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
30
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of cells 2. Cells are the basic units of life 3. Cells come only from other cells 4. Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cell
31
Light microscopy
Uses glass lens and light Kill live specimens
32
Electron microscopy
Uses electrons and electromagnets Kills live cells
33
Cell fractionation
Cells whose cell membranes have been ruptured and centrifuges at various speeds for varying lengths of time to separate components of different sizes, densities, and shapes
34
Freeze fracture
Used to study cell membranes and organelles Frozen specimen is fractured using a cold knife, producing a fractured plane that splits the lipid bilayer membranes
35
Plasma membrane
Regulates passage of materials into and out of the cell
36
Fluid mosaic model
Plasma membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic phosphoric acid head and a hydrophobic fatty acid tail Cell can regulate the fluidity of membrane by adjusting the length of the unsaturated hydrocarbon tails
37
Nucleus
Contains genetic material Nuclear envelope separates nucleus from outside and is perforated by nuclear pores
38
Nucleolus
Site of rRNA synthesis No membrane
39
Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration ATP production Bilayer Houses proteins of the electron transport chain
40
Endosymbiosis hypothesis
Mitochondria have developed from early prokaryotic cells and began a symbiotic relationship with the ancestors of eukaryotes
41
Ribosomes
Protein synthesis Composed of rRNA and proteins
42
Smooth ER
Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
43
Rough ER
Involved in protein synthesis
44
Golgi apparatus
Proteins are modified and sorted based on their destination Modifications=glycosylation
45
Lysosomes
Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins carbs and nucleic acids Acidic pH of 5
46
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidative enzymes that catalyze reactions Break down fats into small molecules Detoxify potentially harmful compounds (alcohol in the liver)
47
Cytoskeleton
Provides framework for maintenance of excels shape Movement
48
Micro filaments
Contain actin Involved in muscle contraction
49
Intermediate filaments
Consist of fibrous proteins Function in the structural support of the cell
50
Microtubules
Composed of tubulin Involved in movement of organelles and chromosomes, maintenance of cell shape, and cell motility
51
Centrioles
Microtubule organizing centers that anchor micro tubules during mitosis
52
Tight junction
Membranes of neighboring cells are attached No material can pass between cells or travel past the junction
53
Anchoring junction
Found in cells subject to mechanical stress
54
Gap junction
Provide direct connection between cytoplasm of one excellent and the cytoplasm of a neighboring cell via channels
55
Classification of taxonomy system from most general to specific
``` Kingdom Phylum (subphylum) Class Order Family Genus Species ``` (Kings play chess on fiber glass stools)

OAT (1 decks)

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