Survey of Medical Bacteriology Flashcards
1
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram-positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic on blood agar. Group-specific carbohydrate (Group A); type-specific protein M protein. Has numerous toxins, adhesins, and antiphagocytic components. Can be identified by its catalase negative, bacitracin sensitive, Group A ag.
A
streptococcus pyogenes
2
Q
What are the suppurative infections that streptococcus pyogenes can cause?
A
pharyngitis cellulitis scarlet fever necrotizing fascitis pyoderm erysipelas streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
3
Q
What are the non-suppurative infections that streptococcus pyogenes can cause?
A
rheumatic heart disease
acute glomerulonephritis
4
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic
group-specific cell wall carbohydrate (group B- GBS)
type specific antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide
Identified by: catalase negative, CAMP positive, Group B ag
A
streptococcus agalactiae
5
Q
What are the diseases associated with streptococcus agalactiae
A
MAJOR cause of meningitis in newborns
early onset neonatal disease
late onset neonatal disease
infection in adults-various disseminated infections
6
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in chains; alpha hemolytic, antigenic typing- no lancefied carbohydrate antigen.
Identification- catalase negative, optochin resistent, must differentiate from alpha hemolytic S. pneumoniae
A
viridans streptococci
7
Q
What diseases does Viridans streptococci cause?
A
endocarditis
bacteremia in neutropenic patients
dental caries
8
Q
What bacteria is this:
lancet-shaped, gram positive cocci in pairs; alpha hemolytic, antigenic typing-antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide. Identification- differentiate from viridans streptococci-> catalse negative, optochin sensitive, bile soluble
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
9
Q
What are the diseases associated with streptococcus pneumoniae?
A
pnuemonia meningitis bacteremia sinusitis and otitis media sickle cel disease is a risk factor
10
Q
How can you prevent streptococcus pneumoniae?
A
with a vaccine
-> capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate
11
Q
What bacteria is this:
Gram positive cocci
antigenc typing- group D cell wall polysaccharide.
highly resistant to antibiotics
A
Enterococci
12
Q
What are the most important species of enterococci?
A
E. faecalis and E. faecium
13
Q
What diseases does enterococci cause?
A
UTI
wound infection, particularly intra-abdominal
bacteremia
endocarditis
14
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in clusters, catalase positive, coagulase positive, protein A on surface. Virulence-> adhesive and antiphagocytic factors, toxins and enzymes,
A
Staphylococcus aureus
15
Q
What makes staphylococcus aureus into MRSA?
A
altered PBP encoded by mecA gene
16
Q
What suppurative diseases does staphylococcus aureus cause?
A
impetigo folliculitis furuncles/boils carbuncles bacteremia endocarditis osteomyelitis septic arthritis pneumonia and empyema brain abscess
17
Q
What toxin-mediated diseases does staphylococcus aureus cause?
A
food poisoning
toxic shock syndrome
scalded skin syndrome
18
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci, catalase positive, coagulase-negative, primary species: S. epidermidis, extracellular polysaccharide contributes to biofilm.
A
coagulase-negative staphylococci
19
Q
What diseases does coagulase-negative staphylococci?
A
endocarditis, catheter and shunt infections, UTI, s. saprophyticus (UTI in young, sexually active women)
20
Q
A 5-day postoperative patient develops a high fever. An IV catheter is removed and culture of the tip reveals gram-positive cocci believed to be Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following laboratory test results would further support this belief?
A
Coagulase positivity
21
Q
What are the aerobic gram-positive cocci?
A
streptococcus pyogenes streptococcus agalactiae viridans streptococci streptococcus pneumoniae enterococci staphylococcus aureus coagulase-negative staphylococci
22
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative diplococci
outer surface with multiple virulence factors/antigens
diagnosis by nucleic acid amplification
resistant to most antibiotics; now use ceftriaxone
A
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
23
Q
What diseases does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?
A
gonorrhea-veneral disease
disseminated infections-spread to skin or joints
opthalmia neonatorum- ocular infection acquired at birth
24
Q
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative diplococci
antiphagocytic Group-specific capsular polysaccharide
endotoxin (lipooligosaccharide) produces inflammation.
A
Neisseria meningitidis
25
What vaccine can be used against neiseria meningitidis?
capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate
26
What diseases can Neisseria meningitidis cause?
meningitis- young adults
meningococcemia-disseminated infection with petechia and purpura
(repeated attacks in patients with deficiencies in terminal complement proteins)
27
What bacteria is this:
aerobic, large gram-positive, spore-forming rod
capsular polypeptide-poly-glutamic acid; antiphagocytic
three exotoxins-> protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), lethal factor (LF)
bacillus anthracis
28
How do you treat Bacillus anthracis?
ciproflaxin
29
What diseases can Bacillus anthracis cause?
cutaneous anthrax, Gi anthrax, inhilation anthrax
30
What causes this:
| eschar formation, black
cutaneous anthrax
31
What causes this:
| ulcers at site of invasion
GI anthrax
32
What causes this:
| biothreat; non-specific signs followed by severe sepsis
Inhalation anthrax
33
What bacteria is this:
aerobic, large gram-positive spore-forming rod
ubiquitous in soil worldwide
two enterotoxins
Bacillus cereus
34
What diseases does bacillus cereus cause?
food poisoning- vomiting and diarrheal forms
ocular infection- traumatic penetrating injury
severe pulmonary disease-severe anthrax-like pulmonary disease in immunocompetent patients
35
What bacteria is this:
aerobic, gram positive, motile coccobaccilli, facultative intracellular pathogen, grows at 4 degrees celcius (i.e contaminated food)
listeria monocytogenes
36
How do you treat listeria monocytogenes?
penicilin alone or with gentamycin
37
What diseases does listeria monocytogenes cause?
- contaminated food or transplacental spread
- neonatal disease (early onset vs. late onset (meningitis))
- disease in healthy adults (asymptomatic or influenzae-like)
- Pregnant women- usually during third trimester; source of in utero infection (early onset) or shortly after birth (late onset)
38
What bacteria is this:
aerobic, thin, pleomorphic, gram-positive rods in filaments
zoonotic-colonizes swine, turkeys, fish- occupational disease in humans
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
39
How do you treat Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?
penicillin
40
What are the diseases that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause?
- erysipeloid
- generalized cutaneous disease
- septicemia leading to endocarditis
41
What disease is this:
| painful, pruritic inflammatory skin lesion at site of trauma
erysipeloid
42
What bacteria is this:
aerobic, pleomorphic gram positive rods
diptheria toxin (A-B toxin inactivates EF-2)
special media
Corynebacterium diptheriae
43
What is the vaccine for corynebacterium diptheriae?
diptheria toxoid
44
What disease does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?
respiratory diptheria
| cutaneous diptheria
45
What are the symptoms of respiratory diptheria?
- exudative pharyngitis evolving to pseudomembrane
| - release of toxin to produce myocarditis and neurotoxicity
46
What is cutaneous diptheria?
chronic, non-healing ulcer following contact with infected person
47
What are the Aerobic gram-positive rods?
```
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Listeria monocytogenes (gram + coccobacilli)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Corynebacerium diptheriae
```
48
What bacteria is this:
| gram negative, fermentative rod, normal flora of GI tract, five different pathogenic groups with distinct toxins
Escherichia coli
49
What diseases does Escherichia coli cause?
gastroenteritis
UTI
neonatal meningitis
septicemia
50
WHat is this:
| there are five major groups with distinct sites of action, symptoms and viruence factors
gastroenteritis
51
What is the most common cause of UTI?
Escherichia coli
52
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the common strain of E. coli?
alpha-hemolysin, inflammation, opportunistic
53
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the uropathogenic strain of E. coli (UPEC)?
alpha-hemolysin
inflammation
UTI
54
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (ETEC)?
LT (labile toxin), ST (stabile toxin)
hypersecretion
watery diarrhea
55
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteropathogenic strain of E. coli (EPEC)?
No exotoxin
attaching and effacing small intestine
watery diarrhea
56
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteroinvasive strain of E. coli (EIEC)?
No exotoxin
invasion, inflammation, ulcers
dysentery
57
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enterhemorrhagic strain of E. coli (EHEC)?
Shiga toxin
attaching and effacing colon, hemorrhage
bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome
58
What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteroaggregative strain of E. coli (EAEC)?
shiga toxin
adherent biofilm
watery or bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome
59
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative, non-fermenting rod
most infections via contaminated food (poultry or eggs)
over 2500 O serotypes
Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi highly adapted to humans
Salmonella enterica
60
What are the diseases caused by salmonella enterica?
gastroenteritis
septicemia
enteric fever (typhoid fever produced by S. Typhi)
asymptomatic colonization in the gallbladder
carrier for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi
61
If you have reduced gastric acidity what are you more susceptible to?
gastroenteritis caused by salmonella enterica
62
What bacteria is this
Gram-negative, non-fermenting rod, four species (sonnei, flexneri, dysenteriae, and boydii), releases shiga toxin that damages intestinal epithelium (A-B toxin) blocks protein synthesis. Only messes with humans.
Shigella spp.
63
What diseases does Shigella cause?
shigellosis
| asymptomatic carriers
64
What is shigellosis?
gastroenteritis; 450,000 cases/yr in U.S.
watery diarrhea caused by enterotoxin
abdominal cramps, fever, and bloody stools caused by invasion of colonic mucosa
65
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative rod, zoonotic (rats, squirrels, rabbits and domestic animals)
Y. pestis-flea vector
enormous historical importance; 3 major pandemics
Yersinia spp.
66
What diseases does Yersinia cause?
Y. pestis (highly virulent- plague)
| Y. entercolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis
67
What are the 2 subtypes of Y. pestis and how are they spread?
bubonic plague- spread via fleas
| pneumonic plague - spread via aerosal
68
What is this:
| enterocolitis following ingestion of infected meat, milk or water
Y. enterocolitica
69
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative, fermentative rod
encapsulated-antiphagocytic
carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) carbapenemase
Klebsiella pneumoniae
70
What diseases does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause?
pneumonia
UTI
sepsis
71
How do people usually get pneumonia when they have Klebsiella pneumoniae?
What do you see in this disease?
if they have impaired pulmonary defense (i.e diabetes, alcholism, malignancy, COPD)
Blood, mucoid sputum
72
What bacteria is this:
gram-negative rod; urease positive
motile-> swarmer on bacteriological plates
Urease hydrolyzes urea to ammonia, making urine alkaline (leads to struvite crystals in kidney (kidney stones))
Proteus mirabilis
73
What disease does Proteus mirabilis cause?
UTI with crystal formation
74
What bacteris is this:
| gram-negative rod, red pigament, ubiquitous in damp areas of environment.
Serratia marcesens
75
What diseases does Serratia marcesens cause?
nosocomial infection in neonates and compromised patients
UTI
respiratory tract infection
wound infection
76
What bacteria is this:
| gram-negative rod, >20 species, ubiquitous to fresh and brackish water
Aeromonas spp.
77
What diseases does Aeromonas spp. cause
Diarrheal disease in otherwise heatlhy people-contaminated food or water.
wound infection
Opportunistic system disease
78
When do opportunistic systemic diseases happen with Aeromonas spp.?
hepatobiliary disease or malignancy
79
What bacteria is this:
| curved gram-negative; requires salt for growth. Cholera toxin - A-B toxin.
Vibrio cholera
80
What is this
| similiar to heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT)
Cholera toxin A-B toxin
81
What is this:
Interacts with G protein that regulates adenylate cyclase leading to secretion of water and electrolytes.
produced by O1 (major pandemics) and O139 serogroups.
Cholera toxin A-B toxin
82
What are the diseases associated with Vibrio cholerae?
often asymptomatic or self-limited diarrhea
cholera- watery diarrhea with "rice water" stool (speckled with mucu)
83
What is this
curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth
epidemiology: estuarine and marine environments worldwide
most common cause of gastroenteritis in Japan and SE asia. Most COMMON cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in US (raw shellfish).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
84
Vibrios require (blank) so they are marine acquired and they are (blank)
salt
| curved
85
What are the diseases associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus?
gastroenteritis
| wound infection
86
What is this:
curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth. Infection via exposures to contaminted salt water or ingestion of contaminated shellfish. Responsible fo 90% of Vibrio-related deaths in U.S.
vibrio vulnificus
87
What diseases are associated with Vibrio vulnificus?
```
Septicemia after consumption of raw oysters; high mortality 25%
wound infection (after exposure to contaminated water)
```
88
What is this:
curved, gram-negative rods
zoonotic- poultry, contaminated food, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water.
Several species: C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus, C. upsaliensis
Campylobacter jejuni et al.
89
What diseases does Campylobacter jejuni cause?
gastrointestinal disease (very common)
Septicemia
Guillain-Barre syndrome
90
What is the most common cause of gastrointestinal disease in the US?
campylobacter jejuni
91
How do you kill campylobacter jejuni?
gastric acidity (disease associated with decreased gastric acidity)
92
Is septicemia common in campylobacter jejuni?
NOOO!
93
What is this:
| cross reactivity between surface LPS and peripheral nerve gangliosides?
Guillain-Barre syndrome
94
What is this:
spiral, highly motile, gram-negative rods
human primary reservoir, infection common, life-long colonization
copious urease production-non invasive breath test
difficult to culture; requires complex medium
Helicobacter pylori
95
What diseases does Helicobacter pylori cause?
- life-long colonization if untreated
- gastritis
- gastric ulcers (10-20% lifetime risk if colonized)
- gastric cancer (1-2% lifetime risk of colonized)
96
What is this:
gram-negative rod; oxidase-postive; green pigment. Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, Ubiquitous in naturel nosocomial infection, highly resistant; requires use of antibiotic combinations
pseudomonas aeruginosa
97
What diseases does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
```
pulmonary infection
infection of burn wounds
urinary tract infection
external otitis
bacteremia
```
98
What kind of pulmonary infections does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?
cytstic fibrosis; mucoid strains
99
Why can you get UTIs from pseudomonas aeruginosa?
long-term indwelling catheters
100
What is this:
gram-negative rod
multiple species
burkholderia spp.
101
What diseases does burkholderia spp cause?
B. Cepacia complex
B. pseudomallei-meliodosis
B. mallei
102
What is B cepacia complex?
pulmonary infection in patients with undelrying lung disease e.g. cystic fibrosis
103
What is B. pseudomallei?
pulmonary infection and sepsis
| biothreat
104
What is B. mallei?
glanders in horses; biothreat
105
```
What is this:
gram-negative coccobacillus
ubiquitous saprophytes in many environments
emerging nosocomial infection
highy resistant to multiple antibiotics
```
acinetobacter baumanii
106
What diseases does acinetobacter baumanii cause?
opportunistic pathogen
nosocomial infection in intensive care units e.g. ventiator-associated pneumonia
wound infection- nosocomial infection of battlefield wounds
107
A pediatric patient with a persistent cough is evaluated for sinopulmonary disease. History and physical examination determines that the child suffers from nasal polyps and possibly, chronic airway obstruction. A sputum sample produces several bacterial species, including a non-typable Haemophilus influenzae and a mucoid variety of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
cystic fibrosis
108
What is this:
small, gram negative coccobacilli
nutrional requirements- X (hemin) and V (NAD) factors
encapsulated - type b most important (Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae
109
What can you use to protect yourself against haemophilus influenzae?
vaccine- protein conjugate of type b polysaccharide
110
What are the diseases associated with Haemophilus influenzae?
meningitis
epiglottitis
acute and chronic otitis media and sinusitis
111
Is epiglottitis life threatening?
yes
112
What is the most common cause of actue and chronic otitis media and sinusitis other than streptococcus pneumonia?
Haemophilus influenzae
113
What is this:
gram-negative coccobacilli
commensals of oropharynx of healthy animals (e.g bites, scratches, shared foods)
pasteurella multocida
114
What diseases does pasteurella multocida cause?
cellulitis and lymphadenitis after animal bite
respiratory infection in patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction
systemic infection in immunocompromised patient
115
What is this:
gram negative coccobacillus
pertussis toxin
bordetella pertussis
116
What does pertussis toxin do?
inhibits protein that regulates adenylate cyclase activity, results in increased cAMP levels
117
What diseases does bordetela pertussis cause?
```
pertussis (whooping cough) in unimmunized infants
chronic cough (in partially immunized patients)
```
118
What are the three stages of pertussis (whooping cough)?
catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage
convalescent stage
119
What is this:
gram negative coccobacillus; requires cysteine for growth- alert laboratory-> special media and dangerous.
facultative intracellular pathogen
zoonotic (primarily rabbits)
insect vectors (hard ticks and biting flies)
Franciscella tularensis
120
What diseases does Franciscella tularensis cause?
ulceroglandular
oculoglandular
pneumonic
121
What is the most common form of disease cause by Franciscella tularensis that follows insect bite or direct inoculation?
ulceroglandular
122
What disease will you get if you get franiscella tularensis in your eye?
oculoglandular
123
A 10-month-old male child presents with episodes of repetitive coughing with intermittent large gasps of air as well as some vomiting. Parents indicate that the child has been suffering from this condition for about 1 week. Incidentally, the previous week he was reported to have a cold-like illness with fever and sneezing. A white count shows 65% lymphocytes and 30% neutrophils. A gram-negative coccobacillus was grown from a nasopharyngeal swab plated on Regan-Lowe charcoal agar. Which of the following is the most likely cause.
Bordetella pertussis
124
What disease is this:
very small, gram-negative coccobacilli
infects issue rich in erythritol (i.e uterus, placenta)
zoonotic (B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. Suis, B canis)
Brucella spp.
125
What diseases are caused by Brucella spp.
Undulant fever
Disease spectrum varies with infecting species
Biothreat
126
How do you know if someone has undulant fever?
if they are infected with brucella and are showing multiple symptoms with intermittent fever
127
What is this:
slender, pleomorphic gram-negative rods
nutritionally fastidious; requires cysteine-> special media
replicates inside macrophages and amoebae
common in natural bodies of water, cooling towers, etc.
Legionella pneumophila
128
What are the diseases caused by Legionella pneumophila?
asymptomatic infection (relativey common)
Legionnaire's disease
Pontiac fever
129
What is this:
| severe form of pneumonia in setting of underlying pulmonary disease
Legionnaire's disease
130
What is this:
| self-limiting influenza-like illness; several Legionella spp.
Pontiac fever
131
What is this:
Gram-negative rod
Many transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods
Bartonella spp.
132
What are the diseases caused by Bartonella spp.?
B. quintana
| B. henselae
133
What is this:
Trench fever of WWI; severe headache, fever, pain in long bones
Vector – human body louse
B. quintana caused by Bartonella spp.
134
What is this:
Reservoir – cats and their fleas
Bacillary angiomatosis – vascular proliferative disease
Cat-scratch disease – chronic regional lymphadenopathy associated with inoculation of flea excreta via a cat scratch
B. henselae caused by Bartonella spp.
135
What is this:
long, thin, gram-negative rod
reservoir is rat and other small rodents
Streptobacillus monoiliformis
136
What diseases are caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis?
- rat-bite fever
- normal flora of nasopharynx of rats
- human infections follow rat bites
- irregular fever, headached, chills, migratory polyarthralgia
- macuopapular or petechial rash
137
What is this:
small gram-negative rods
normal flora of human mouth and upper respiratory tract
Eikenella corrodens
138
What diseases are caused by Eikenella corrodens?
opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients
| commonly isolated in human bite wound or fistfight
139
A 12-year-old girl develops a low-grade fever, malaise, and tender lymphadenopathy in her right axial area. On her right hand are the scratches she received 10 days previously from her kitten. What is the most likely cause of this lymphadenopathy?
Bartonella henselae
140
What are the aerobic gram-negative rods?
```
E. coli
Salmonella enterica
Shigella spp.
Yersinia spp.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Serratia marcesens
Aeromonas spp.
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibri vulnificus
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia spp.
Legionella pneumophila
Bartonella spp.
streptobacillys moniliformis
Eikenella corrodens
bacterioides fagilis
```
141
What are the gram-negative coccobacilli?
- Acinetobacter baumanii
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Pasteurella multocida
- Bordetella pertussis
- Franciscella tularensis
- Brucella spp.
142
What is this:
spore-forming, anerobic, gram positive rod. Ubiquitous in soil, water and GI tract of humans and animals. Numerous toxins and enzymes; alpha toxin (lecithinase)
C. perfringens enterotoxin
Clostridium perfringens
143
What diseases are caused by Clostridium perfringens?
- cellulitis
- fasciiitis or suppurative myositis
- Myonecrosis or gas gangrene
- Clostridial food poisoning (intoxication; meat produts)
144
What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod
spores in most soils and GI tract of humans and animals
Tetanospasmin
Clostridium tetani
145
What is this:
| neurotoxin that blocks release of neutrotransmitters for inhibitory synapses (spastic paralysis)
tetanospasmin
146
What vaccine do you use for clostriudium tetani?
tetanus toxoid
147
What are the diseases caused by Clostridium tetani?
generalized tetanus
localize tetanus
neonatal tetanus
148
What kind of tetnus is this:
| spread of toxin from local site
generalized tetanus
149
What kind of tetanus is this:
| toxic effects at local site
localized tetanus
150
What kind of tetanus is this:
| toxemia after infection of umbilical stump
neonatal tetanus
151
What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod, spores in soil worldwide. Has botulinum toxin. Can see this toxin in patient serum or feces
Clostridium botulinum
152
What diseases are caused by clostridium botulinum?
foodborne botulism, infant botulism, wound botulism
153
What is this:
| prevents release of neurotransmitter acetylchline (flacid paralysis)
botulinum toxin
154
What is this:
| intoxication via contaminatd food
foodborne botulism
155
What is this:
| neurotoxin produced in vivo following colonization of infant GI tract-honey
infant botulism
156
What is this:
| toxemia following wound infection
wound botulism
157
Infected pressure sores were observed on the buttock of an elderly, bedridden patient recently treated for malignancy of the rectum. Some of the lesions are conspicuously necrotic, exceptionally painful to the touch and give off a musty sweet odor. A gram stain of the watery discharge from one of the lesions reveals an abundance of bacteria (see below). What is the most likely diagnosis?
clostridial gas gangrene
158
What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod. Colonized human GI tract; spores common in hospital rooms and other health care settings
two toxins: enterotoxin and cytotoxin.
Diagnosed by detection of toxins in patient feces
Clostridium difficile
159
What diseases are cause by Clostridium difficile?
Pseudomembranous colitis
160
WHen do you get pseudomembranous colitis with colistridium difficile?
you get it after use of broad spectrium antibiotics. Relapse is common cuz antibiotics dont kill spores
161
What is this:
anaeroic, gram positive branching rod
infection endogenous (poor oral hygiene, dental work)
sulfar granules (large yellow or orange masses of filamentous organisms at sites of infection)
Actinomyces israelli
162
What diseases does Actinomyces israelli cause?
oral-cervicofacial infection
| other sites too, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, CNS
163
What is this:
small, anaerobic, gram positive rods, common on skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, produces many products that stimulate local inflammation
Proprionibacterium acnes
164
What diseases are caused by Propionibacterium acnes?
acne vulgaris-stimulates inflammatory response
AND
opportunistic infections in patients with prosthetic devices or IV devices
165
What is this:
| anaerobic, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods. Colonize human upper respiratory tract, GI tract and genitourinary tract
Bacterioides fragilis
166
What diseases does bacterioides fragilis cause?
```
head and neck infection
intra-abdominal infection
gynecologic infection
skin and soft tissue infection
bacteremia
```
167
What are all the anaerobic bacteria?
```
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Actinomyces israelii
Propionibacterium acnes
Bacterioides fragilis
```
168
What is this:
acid-fast, aerobic rods, cell wall rich in lipids, slow growth -16-20 h doubling time. Intracellular pathogen-grows in un-activated macrophage. Disease due to host response. MDR-TB multiple drug resistance.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
169
What disease does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?
tuberculosis
most infections asymtpomatic and latent (skin test)
pulmonary
extrapulmonary (pleura, CNS, genitourinary system)
170
What is this:
acid-fast, aeroic rods; cell wall rich in lipids
obligate intracellular pathogen; no culture
disease due to host response
Mycobacterium leprae
171
What diseases are caused by mycobacterium leprae?
Tuberculoid leprosy
| Lepromatou leprosy
172
What kind of leprosy is this:
strong cellular immune response
relatively few bacteria
tuberculoid leprosy
173
What kind of leprosy is this:
-strong antibody response but defect in cellular response
abundant bacteria-most infectious form
Lepromatous leprosy
174
What is this:
acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids
two species, M. avium and M. intracellulare
common in soil and water; acquired via ingestion of contaminated water or food
Mycobacterium avium complex
175
What diseases are caused by Mycobacterium avium complex?
- asymptomatic colonization
- chronic localization pulmonary disease
- disseminated disease- AIDS patients
176
What is this:
gram-positive rods with filamentous forms that resemble hyphae; weakly acid fast
ubiquitous in soil rich with organic matter
serious disease in immunocompromised patients
Nocardia spp.
177
What diseases are caused by Nocardia spp.?
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bronchopulmonary disease
lymphocutaneous disease (may progress to mycetoma)
brain abscess (in immunocompromised patients)
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178
A homeless man who is known to be HIV positive presents with a productive cough, periods of shaking chills, fever and night sweats. An acid-fast stain of sputum is shown in the photograph. A tuberculin skin test was negative. What is the most likely etiologic agent?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
179
What are the acid fast bacteria?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium avium complex
Nocardia spp.
180
What is this:
- spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
- humans only natural host
- cannot be cultured; darkfield microscopy of primary lesion
- serology used fro diagnosis in secondary and late stages
Treponema pallidum
181
What diseases can Treponema pallidum cause?
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primary syphilis
secondary syphilis
latent
tertiary (late) syphilis
congenital syphilis
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182
What kind of syphilis is this:
| painless chancre at site of inoculation
primary syphilis
183
What kind of syphilis is this:
| disseminated disease; rash
secondary syphilis
184
What kind of syphilis is this:
| asymptomatic; serological evidence of infection
latent syphilis
185
What kind of syphilis is this:
| destruction of multiple organs
tertiary (late) syphilis
186
What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; stain poorly. Zoonotic; leading vector-borne disease in U.S.
Reservoir- mice (larval form of vector) and deer (adult form)
Vector- Hard-shelled ticks; larval/nymph form (mouse host) accounts for 90% of human disease
Borrelia burgdorferi
187
What diseases are caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?
Lyme disease
188
What are the signs of Lyme disease?
initial circular "bull's eye" skin lesion-erythema migrans
| systemic signs-arthritis, neurologic, cardiac
189
What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
relapses because bacterium varies expression of lipoprotein coat to escape immune surveillance
Borrelia- relapsing fever
190
What diseases are caused by Borrelia?
endemic relapsing fever
| epidemic relapsing fever
191
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What is this:
worldwide and western U.S.
several borrelia sp.
Resevoir- rodents and small mammals
vector-soft ticks
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Endemic relapsing fever
192
What is this:
regions of Africa - B. recurrentis
resevoir-man
vector--human body louse
Epidemic relapsing fever
193
What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
zoonotic-rodents, dogs, farm animals, wild animals
infection via contact with water, food, or soil contaminated with urine from infected animal
Leptospira interrogans
194
What diseases does leptospira interrogans cause?
leptospirosis
195
What is this:
most disease is mild, influenzae-like syndrome
systemic disease presents as aseptic meningitis
Leptospirosis
196
What syndrome is this and what is it caused by:
| overwhelming disease; vascular collapse, hepatic disease with jaundice and renal dysfunction
Weil syndrome caused by leptospira interrogans
197
What are the spirochete bacteria?
Treponem pallidum
Borrelia burgdorefi
Borrelia (relapsing fever)
Leptospira interrogans
198
What is this:
smalles free-living bacterium; lacks cell wall; membrane contains sterols from host serum
strictly human pathogen; transmission via aerosol droplet
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
199
How do you treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
macrolides (azithromycin) r quinolones
200
What diseases does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
- Tracheobronchitis and pharyngitis
- Atypical (walking) pneumonia
- Other species may produce disease (M. genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum)
201
What is this:
small forms similiar to gram-negative rods
obligate intracellular parasites-endothelial cells-> vasculitis
hard ticks are both reservoir and vector
Weil-Felix agglutination-test for Ab, low sensitivity and specificity
Rickettsia rickettsii
202
What diseases does rickettsia rickettsii cause?
Rock mountain spotted fever
| Endemic typhus
203
What is this:
| fever, headache, malise, myalgias, nause; macuar rash with centripetal spread (hands and feet, spreading to trunk)
rock mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
204
How is R. prowazekki caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?
via lice and causes epidemic typhus
205
How is R. typhi caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?
via fleas and causes endemic typhus
206
How is Orientia tsutsugamushi caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?
via fleas and causes scrub typhus
207
What is this:
small forms with cell wall similiar to gram-negative bacteria. Obligate intracellular parasite-cytoplasmic vacuoles of hematopoietic ces
zoonotic-reservoirs include deer, mice, voles, and canines
Vector-ticks
Ehrlicha and anaplasma spp.
208
What diseases does Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp cause?
human monocytic ehrlichiosis (E. chaffeensis)
| human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (A. phagocytophilum)
209
A 40-year-old man presented with a rubeola-like rash on the extremities, chills, fever, myalgia, and malaise 5 days after returning from a June fishing trip in Arkansas. A history of tick bites is noted and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is suspected. What is the etiologic agent?
Rickettsia rickettsii
210
What is this:
small gram-negative, "spore"-forming bacterium; obligate intracellular growth
zoonotic-cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and cats
Infection due to inhalation or unpasteurized milk
extreme environmental stability
Coxiell burnetii
211
What diseases are caused by Coxiella burnetii?
acute disease-pneumonia, hepatitis, fever
chronic disease- inflammation of heart (endocarditis)
biothreat
212
What is this:
small gram-negative rods with no peptidoglycan layer
obligate intracellular parasites
two forms: infectious elementary bodies and non-infectious reticulate bodies
Chlamydia trachomatis
213
How do you treat Chlamydia trachomatis?
azithromycin or doxycycline
214
What diseases are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
urogenital (urethritis, PID, most common STD in U.S)
Trachoma
Lymphogranuloma venereum
215
What is the most common STD in US?
chlamydia trachomatis
216
What is the most important global infectious cause of blindness?
trachoma caused by chlamydia trachomatis
217
What is an STD that is a primary lesion extending to lymphatics and lymph nodes?
lymphogranuloma Venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
218
What is this:
| general properites of C. trachomatis
chlamydophilia
219
What diseases does chlamydphila spp. cause?
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
| Chlamydophila psittaci
220
What is this:
respiratory infection-sinusitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia
possibe role in atherosclerosis
Chlamydophila pneumoniae caused by chlamydophila spp.
221
What is this:
Psittacosis (parrot fever)
respiratory infection with spread to RES cells of liver and spleen
Ornithosis-birds are natural reservoir
Chlmydophila psittaci caused by chlamydophila sp.
222
A 47-year-old woman in India is becoming blind due to repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. What is seen in the pus draining from her eyes when stained by immunofluorescence?
Elementary bodies
