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Block 6 Week 3 > Survey of Medical Bacteriology > Flashcards

Survey of Medical Bacteriology Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic on blood agar. Group-specific carbohydrate (Group A); type-specific protein M protein. Has numerous toxins, adhesins, and antiphagocytic components. Can be identified by its catalase negative, bacitracin sensitive, Group A ag.

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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2
Q

What are the suppurative infections that streptococcus pyogenes can cause?

A 
pharyngitis
cellulitis
scarlet fever
necrotizing fascitis
pyoderm
erysipelas
streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
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3
Q

What are the non-suppurative infections that streptococcus pyogenes can cause?

A

rheumatic heart disease

acute glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in chains; beta hemolytic
group-specific cell wall carbohydrate (group B- GBS)
type specific antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide
Identified by: catalase negative, CAMP positive, Group B ag

A

streptococcus agalactiae

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5
Q

What are the diseases associated with streptococcus agalactiae

A

MAJOR cause of meningitis in newborns
early onset neonatal disease
late onset neonatal disease
infection in adults-various disseminated infections

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6
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in chains; alpha hemolytic, antigenic typing- no lancefied carbohydrate antigen.
Identification- catalase negative, optochin resistent, must differentiate from alpha hemolytic S. pneumoniae

A

viridans streptococci

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7
Q

What diseases does Viridans streptococci cause?

A

endocarditis
bacteremia in neutropenic patients
dental caries

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8
Q

What bacteria is this:
lancet-shaped, gram positive cocci in pairs; alpha hemolytic, antigenic typing-antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharide. Identification- differentiate from viridans streptococci-> catalse negative, optochin sensitive, bile soluble

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

What are the diseases associated with streptococcus pneumoniae?

A 
pnuemonia
meningitis
bacteremia
sinusitis and otitis media
sickle cel disease is a risk factor
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10
Q

How can you prevent streptococcus pneumoniae?

A

with a vaccine

-> capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate

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11
Q

What bacteria is this:
Gram positive cocci
antigenc typing- group D cell wall polysaccharide.
highly resistant to antibiotics

A

Enterococci

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12
Q

What are the most important species of enterococci?

A

E. faecalis and E. faecium

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13
Q

What diseases does enterococci cause?

A

UTI
wound infection, particularly intra-abdominal
bacteremia
endocarditis

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14
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci in clusters, catalase positive, coagulase positive, protein A on surface. Virulence-> adhesive and antiphagocytic factors, toxins and enzymes,

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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15
Q

What makes staphylococcus aureus into MRSA?

A

altered PBP encoded by mecA gene

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16
Q

What suppurative diseases does staphylococcus aureus cause?

A 
impetigo
folliculitis
furuncles/boils
carbuncles
bacteremia
endocarditis
osteomyelitis
septic arthritis
pneumonia and empyema
brain abscess
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17
Q

What toxin-mediated diseases does staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

food poisoning
toxic shock syndrome
scalded skin syndrome

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18
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram positive cocci, catalase positive, coagulase-negative, primary species: S. epidermidis, extracellular polysaccharide contributes to biofilm.

A

coagulase-negative staphylococci

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19
Q

What diseases does coagulase-negative staphylococci?

A

endocarditis, catheter and shunt infections, UTI, s. saprophyticus (UTI in young, sexually active women)

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20
Q

A 5-day postoperative patient develops a high fever. An IV catheter is removed and culture of the tip reveals gram-positive cocci believed to be Staphylococcus aureus. Which of the following laboratory test results would further support this belief?

A

Coagulase positivity

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21
Q

What are the aerobic gram-positive cocci?

A 
streptococcus pyogenes
streptococcus agalactiae
viridans streptococci
streptococcus pneumoniae
enterococci
staphylococcus aureus
coagulase-negative staphylococci
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22
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative diplococci
outer surface with multiple virulence factors/antigens
diagnosis by nucleic acid amplification
resistant to most antibiotics; now use ceftriaxone

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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23
Q

What diseases does neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

A

gonorrhea-veneral disease
disseminated infections-spread to skin or joints
opthalmia neonatorum- ocular infection acquired at birth

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24
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative diplococci
antiphagocytic Group-specific capsular polysaccharide
endotoxin (lipooligosaccharide) produces inflammation.

A

Neisseria meningitidis

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25
Q

What vaccine can be used against neiseria meningitidis?

A

capsular polysaccharide or CPS-protein conjugate

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26
Q

What diseases can Neisseria meningitidis cause?

A

meningitis- young adults
meningococcemia-disseminated infection with petechia and purpura
(repeated attacks in patients with deficiencies in terminal complement proteins)

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27
Q

What bacteria is this:
aerobic, large gram-positive, spore-forming rod
capsular polypeptide-poly-glutamic acid; antiphagocytic
three exotoxins-> protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), lethal factor (LF)

A

bacillus anthracis

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28
Q

How do you treat Bacillus anthracis?

A

ciproflaxin

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29
Q

What diseases can Bacillus anthracis cause?

A

cutaneous anthrax, Gi anthrax, inhilation anthrax

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30
Q

What causes this:

eschar formation, black

A

cutaneous anthrax

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31
Q

What causes this:

ulcers at site of invasion

A

GI anthrax

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32
Q

What causes this:

biothreat; non-specific signs followed by severe sepsis

A

Inhalation anthrax

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33
Q

What bacteria is this:
aerobic, large gram-positive spore-forming rod
ubiquitous in soil worldwide
two enterotoxins

A

Bacillus cereus

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34
Q

What diseases does bacillus cereus cause?

A

food poisoning- vomiting and diarrheal forms
ocular infection- traumatic penetrating injury
severe pulmonary disease-severe anthrax-like pulmonary disease in immunocompetent patients

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35
Q

What bacteria is this:
aerobic, gram positive, motile coccobaccilli, facultative intracellular pathogen, grows at 4 degrees celcius (i.e contaminated food)

A

listeria monocytogenes

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36
Q

How do you treat listeria monocytogenes?

A

penicilin alone or with gentamycin

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37
Q

What diseases does listeria monocytogenes cause?

A
  • contaminated food or transplacental spread
  • neonatal disease (early onset vs. late onset (meningitis))
  • disease in healthy adults (asymptomatic or influenzae-like)
  • Pregnant women- usually during third trimester; source of in utero infection (early onset) or shortly after birth (late onset)
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38
Q

What bacteria is this:
aerobic, thin, pleomorphic, gram-positive rods in filaments
zoonotic-colonizes swine, turkeys, fish- occupational disease in humans

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

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39
Q

How do you treat Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae?

A

penicillin

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40
Q

What are the diseases that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae cause?

A
  • erysipeloid
  • generalized cutaneous disease
  • septicemia leading to endocarditis
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41
Q

What disease is this:

painful, pruritic inflammatory skin lesion at site of trauma

A

erysipeloid

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42
Q

What bacteria is this:
aerobic, pleomorphic gram positive rods
diptheria toxin (A-B toxin inactivates EF-2)
special media

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

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43
Q

What is the vaccine for corynebacterium diptheriae?

A

diptheria toxoid

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44
Q

What disease does corynebacterium diptheriae cause?

A

respiratory diptheria

cutaneous diptheria

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45
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory diptheria?

A
  • exudative pharyngitis evolving to pseudomembrane

- release of toxin to produce myocarditis and neurotoxicity

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46
Q

What is cutaneous diptheria?

A

chronic, non-healing ulcer following contact with infected person

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47
Q

What are the Aerobic gram-positive rods?

A 
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Listeria monocytogenes (gram + coccobacilli)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Corynebacerium diptheriae
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48
Q

What bacteria is this:

gram negative, fermentative rod, normal flora of GI tract, five different pathogenic groups with distinct toxins

A

Escherichia coli

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49
Q

What diseases does Escherichia coli cause?

A

gastroenteritis
UTI
neonatal meningitis
septicemia

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50
Q

WHat is this:

there are five major groups with distinct sites of action, symptoms and viruence factors

A

gastroenteritis

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51
Q

What is the most common cause of UTI?

A

Escherichia coli

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52
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the common strain of E. coli?

A

alpha-hemolysin, inflammation, opportunistic

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53
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the uropathogenic strain of E. coli (UPEC)?

A

alpha-hemolysin
inflammation
UTI

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54
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli (ETEC)?

A

LT (labile toxin), ST (stabile toxin)
hypersecretion
watery diarrhea

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55
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteropathogenic strain of E. coli (EPEC)?

A

No exotoxin
attaching and effacing small intestine
watery diarrhea

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56
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteroinvasive strain of E. coli (EIEC)?

A

No exotoxin
invasion, inflammation, ulcers
dysentery

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57
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enterhemorrhagic strain of E. coli (EHEC)?

A

Shiga toxin
attaching and effacing colon, hemorrhage
bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome

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58
Q

What is the exotoxin, pathogenic lesion and disease type of the enteroaggregative strain of E. coli (EAEC)?

A

shiga toxin
adherent biofilm
watery or bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome

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59
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative, non-fermenting rod
most infections via contaminated food (poultry or eggs)
over 2500 O serotypes
Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi highly adapted to humans

A

Salmonella enterica

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60
Q

What are the diseases caused by salmonella enterica?

A

gastroenteritis
septicemia
enteric fever (typhoid fever produced by S. Typhi)
asymptomatic colonization in the gallbladder
carrier for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi

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61
Q

If you have reduced gastric acidity what are you more susceptible to?

A

gastroenteritis caused by salmonella enterica

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62
Q

What bacteria is this
Gram-negative, non-fermenting rod, four species (sonnei, flexneri, dysenteriae, and boydii), releases shiga toxin that damages intestinal epithelium (A-B toxin) blocks protein synthesis. Only messes with humans.

A

Shigella spp.

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63
Q

What diseases does Shigella cause?

A

shigellosis

asymptomatic carriers

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64
Q

What is shigellosis?

A

gastroenteritis; 450,000 cases/yr in U.S.
watery diarrhea caused by enterotoxin
abdominal cramps, fever, and bloody stools caused by invasion of colonic mucosa

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65
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative rod, zoonotic (rats, squirrels, rabbits and domestic animals)
Y. pestis-flea vector
enormous historical importance; 3 major pandemics

A

Yersinia spp.

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66
Q

What diseases does Yersinia cause?

A

Y. pestis (highly virulent- plague)

Y. entercolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis

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67
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of Y. pestis and how are they spread?

A

bubonic plague- spread via fleas

pneumonic plague - spread via aerosal

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68
Q

What is this:

enterocolitis following ingestion of infected meat, milk or water

A

Y. enterocolitica

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69
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative, fermentative rod
encapsulated-antiphagocytic
carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) carbapenemase

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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70
Q

What diseases does Klebsiella pneumoniae cause?

A

pneumonia
UTI
sepsis

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71
Q

How do people usually get pneumonia when they have Klebsiella pneumoniae?
What do you see in this disease?

A

if they have impaired pulmonary defense (i.e diabetes, alcholism, malignancy, COPD)
Blood, mucoid sputum

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72
Q

What bacteria is this:
gram-negative rod; urease positive
motile-> swarmer on bacteriological plates
Urease hydrolyzes urea to ammonia, making urine alkaline (leads to struvite crystals in kidney (kidney stones))

A

Proteus mirabilis

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73
Q

What disease does Proteus mirabilis cause?

A

UTI with crystal formation

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74
Q

What bacteris is this:

gram-negative rod, red pigament, ubiquitous in damp areas of environment.

A

Serratia marcesens

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75
Q

What diseases does Serratia marcesens cause?

A

nosocomial infection in neonates and compromised patients
UTI
respiratory tract infection
wound infection

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76
Q

What bacteria is this:

gram-negative rod, >20 species, ubiquitous to fresh and brackish water

A

Aeromonas spp.

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77
Q

What diseases does Aeromonas spp. cause

A

Diarrheal disease in otherwise heatlhy people-contaminated food or water.
wound infection
Opportunistic system disease

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78
Q

When do opportunistic systemic diseases happen with Aeromonas spp.?

A

hepatobiliary disease or malignancy

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79
Q

What bacteria is this:

curved gram-negative; requires salt for growth. Cholera toxin - A-B toxin.

A

Vibrio cholera

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80
Q

What is this

similiar to heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT)

A

Cholera toxin A-B toxin

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81
Q

What is this:
Interacts with G protein that regulates adenylate cyclase leading to secretion of water and electrolytes.
produced by O1 (major pandemics) and O139 serogroups.

A

Cholera toxin A-B toxin

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82
Q

What are the diseases associated with Vibrio cholerae?

A

often asymptomatic or self-limited diarrhea

cholera- watery diarrhea with “rice water” stool (speckled with mucu)

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83
Q

What is this
curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth
epidemiology: estuarine and marine environments worldwide
most common cause of gastroenteritis in Japan and SE asia. Most COMMON cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in US (raw shellfish).

A

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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84
Q

Vibrios require (blank) so they are marine acquired and they are (blank)

A

salt

curved

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85
Q

What are the diseases associated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus?

A

gastroenteritis

wound infection

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86
Q

What is this:
curved gram-negative rod; requires salt for growth. Infection via exposures to contaminted salt water or ingestion of contaminated shellfish. Responsible fo 90% of Vibrio-related deaths in U.S.

A

vibrio vulnificus

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87
Q

What diseases are associated with Vibrio vulnificus?

A 
Septicemia after consumption of raw oysters; high mortality 25%
wound infection (after exposure to contaminated water)
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88
Q

What is this:
curved, gram-negative rods
zoonotic- poultry, contaminated food, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water.
Several species: C. jejuni, C. coli, C. fetus, C. upsaliensis

A

Campylobacter jejuni et al.

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89
Q

What diseases does Campylobacter jejuni cause?

A

gastrointestinal disease (very common)
Septicemia
Guillain-Barre syndrome

90
Q

What is the most common cause of gastrointestinal disease in the US?

A

campylobacter jejuni

91
Q

How do you kill campylobacter jejuni?

A

gastric acidity (disease associated with decreased gastric acidity)

92
Q

Is septicemia common in campylobacter jejuni?

A

NOOO!

93
Q

What is this:

cross reactivity between surface LPS and peripheral nerve gangliosides?

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

94
Q

What is this:
spiral, highly motile, gram-negative rods
human primary reservoir, infection common, life-long colonization
copious urease production-non invasive breath test
difficult to culture; requires complex medium

A

Helicobacter pylori

95
Q

What diseases does Helicobacter pylori cause?

A
  • life-long colonization if untreated
  • gastritis
  • gastric ulcers (10-20% lifetime risk if colonized)
  • gastric cancer (1-2% lifetime risk of colonized)
96
Q

What is this:
gram-negative rod; oxidase-postive; green pigment. Mucoid polysaccharide capsule, Ubiquitous in naturel nosocomial infection, highly resistant; requires use of antibiotic combinations

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

97
Q

What diseases does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A 
pulmonary infection
infection of burn wounds
urinary tract infection
external otitis
bacteremia
98
Q

What kind of pulmonary infections does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

cytstic fibrosis; mucoid strains

99
Q

Why can you get UTIs from pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

long-term indwelling catheters

100
Q

What is this:
gram-negative rod
multiple species

A

burkholderia spp.

101
Q

What diseases does burkholderia spp cause?

A

B. Cepacia complex
B. pseudomallei-meliodosis
B. mallei

102
Q

What is B cepacia complex?

A

pulmonary infection in patients with undelrying lung disease e.g. cystic fibrosis

103
Q

What is B. pseudomallei?

A

pulmonary infection and sepsis

biothreat

104
Q

What is B. mallei?

A

glanders in horses; biothreat

105
Q 
What is this:
gram-negative coccobacillus
ubiquitous saprophytes in many environments
emerging nosocomial infection
highy resistant to multiple antibiotics
A

acinetobacter baumanii

106
Q

What diseases does acinetobacter baumanii cause?

A

opportunistic pathogen
nosocomial infection in intensive care units e.g. ventiator-associated pneumonia
wound infection- nosocomial infection of battlefield wounds

107
Q

A pediatric patient with a persistent cough is evaluated for sinopulmonary disease. History and physical examination determines that the child suffers from nasal polyps and possibly, chronic airway obstruction. A sputum sample produces several bacterial species, including a non-typable Haemophilus influenzae and a mucoid variety of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A

cystic fibrosis

108
Q

What is this:
small, gram negative coccobacilli
nutrional requirements- X (hemin) and V (NAD) factors
encapsulated - type b most important (Hib)

A

Haemophilus influenzae

109
Q

What can you use to protect yourself against haemophilus influenzae?

A

vaccine- protein conjugate of type b polysaccharide

110
Q

What are the diseases associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

meningitis
epiglottitis
acute and chronic otitis media and sinusitis

111
Q

Is epiglottitis life threatening?

A

yes

112
Q

What is the most common cause of actue and chronic otitis media and sinusitis other than streptococcus pneumonia?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

113
Q

What is this:
gram-negative coccobacilli
commensals of oropharynx of healthy animals (e.g bites, scratches, shared foods)

A

pasteurella multocida

114
Q

What diseases does pasteurella multocida cause?

A

cellulitis and lymphadenitis after animal bite
respiratory infection in patients with underlying pulmonary dysfunction
systemic infection in immunocompromised patient

115
Q

What is this:
gram negative coccobacillus
pertussis toxin

A

bordetella pertussis

116
Q

What does pertussis toxin do?

A

inhibits protein that regulates adenylate cyclase activity, results in increased cAMP levels

117
Q

What diseases does bordetela pertussis cause?

A 
pertussis (whooping cough) in unimmunized infants
chronic cough (in partially immunized patients)
118
Q

What are the three stages of pertussis (whooping cough)?

A

catarrhal stage
paroxysmal stage
convalescent stage

119
Q

What is this:
gram negative coccobacillus; requires cysteine for growth- alert laboratory-> special media and dangerous.
facultative intracellular pathogen
zoonotic (primarily rabbits)
insect vectors (hard ticks and biting flies)

A

Franciscella tularensis

120
Q

What diseases does Franciscella tularensis cause?

A

ulceroglandular
oculoglandular
pneumonic

121
Q

What is the most common form of disease cause by Franciscella tularensis that follows insect bite or direct inoculation?

A

ulceroglandular

122
Q

What disease will you get if you get franiscella tularensis in your eye?

A

oculoglandular

123
Q

A 10-month-old male child presents with episodes of repetitive coughing with intermittent large gasps of air as well as some vomiting. Parents indicate that the child has been suffering from this condition for about 1 week. Incidentally, the previous week he was reported to have a cold-like illness with fever and sneezing. A white count shows 65% lymphocytes and 30% neutrophils. A gram-negative coccobacillus was grown from a nasopharyngeal swab plated on Regan-Lowe charcoal agar. Which of the following is the most likely cause.

A

Bordetella pertussis

124
Q

What disease is this:
very small, gram-negative coccobacilli
infects issue rich in erythritol (i.e uterus, placenta)
zoonotic (B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. Suis, B canis)

A

Brucella spp.

125
Q

What diseases are caused by Brucella spp.

A

Undulant fever
Disease spectrum varies with infecting species
Biothreat

126
Q

How do you know if someone has undulant fever?

A

if they are infected with brucella and are showing multiple symptoms with intermittent fever

127
Q

What is this:
slender, pleomorphic gram-negative rods
nutritionally fastidious; requires cysteine-> special media
replicates inside macrophages and amoebae
common in natural bodies of water, cooling towers, etc.

A

Legionella pneumophila

128
Q

What are the diseases caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A

asymptomatic infection (relativey common)
Legionnaire’s disease
Pontiac fever

129
Q

What is this:

severe form of pneumonia in setting of underlying pulmonary disease

A

Legionnaire’s disease

130
Q

What is this:

self-limiting influenza-like illness; several Legionella spp.

A

Pontiac fever

131
Q

What is this:
Gram-negative rod
Many transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods

A

Bartonella spp.

132
Q

What are the diseases caused by Bartonella spp.?

A

B. quintana

B. henselae

133
Q

What is this:
Trench fever of WWI; severe headache, fever, pain in long bones
Vector – human body louse

A

B. quintana caused by Bartonella spp.

134
Q

What is this:
Reservoir – cats and their fleas
Bacillary angiomatosis – vascular proliferative disease
Cat-scratch disease – chronic regional lymphadenopathy associated with inoculation of flea excreta via a cat scratch

A

B. henselae caused by Bartonella spp.

135
Q

What is this:
long, thin, gram-negative rod
reservoir is rat and other small rodents

A

Streptobacillus monoiliformis

136
Q

What diseases are caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis?

A
  • rat-bite fever
  • normal flora of nasopharynx of rats
  • human infections follow rat bites
  • irregular fever, headached, chills, migratory polyarthralgia
  • macuopapular or petechial rash
137
Q

What is this:
small gram-negative rods
normal flora of human mouth and upper respiratory tract

A

Eikenella corrodens

138
Q

What diseases are caused by Eikenella corrodens?

A

opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients

commonly isolated in human bite wound or fistfight

139
Q

A 12-year-old girl develops a low-grade fever, malaise, and tender lymphadenopathy in her right axial area. On her right hand are the scratches she received 10 days previously from her kitten. What is the most likely cause of this lymphadenopathy?

A

Bartonella henselae

140
Q

What are the aerobic gram-negative rods?

A 
E. coli
Salmonella enterica
Shigella spp.
Yersinia spp.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Proteus mirabilis
Serratia marcesens
Aeromonas spp.
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibri vulnificus
Campylobacter jejuni 
Helicobacter pylori
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Burkholderia spp.
Legionella pneumophila 
Bartonella spp. 
streptobacillys moniliformis 
Eikenella corrodens
bacterioides fagilis
141
Q

What are the gram-negative coccobacilli?

A
  • Acinetobacter baumanii
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Franciscella tularensis
  • Brucella spp.
142
Q

What is this:
spore-forming, anerobic, gram positive rod. Ubiquitous in soil, water and GI tract of humans and animals. Numerous toxins and enzymes; alpha toxin (lecithinase)
C. perfringens enterotoxin

A

Clostridium perfringens

143
Q

What diseases are caused by Clostridium perfringens?

A
  • cellulitis
  • fasciiitis or suppurative myositis
  • Myonecrosis or gas gangrene
  • Clostridial food poisoning (intoxication; meat produts)
144
Q

What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod
spores in most soils and GI tract of humans and animals
Tetanospasmin

A

Clostridium tetani

145
Q

What is this:

neurotoxin that blocks release of neutrotransmitters for inhibitory synapses (spastic paralysis)

A

tetanospasmin

146
Q

What vaccine do you use for clostriudium tetani?

A

tetanus toxoid

147
Q

What are the diseases caused by Clostridium tetani?

A

generalized tetanus
localize tetanus
neonatal tetanus

148
Q

What kind of tetnus is this:

spread of toxin from local site

A

generalized tetanus

149
Q

What kind of tetanus is this:

toxic effects at local site

A

localized tetanus

150
Q

What kind of tetanus is this:

toxemia after infection of umbilical stump

A

neonatal tetanus

151
Q

What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod, spores in soil worldwide. Has botulinum toxin. Can see this toxin in patient serum or feces

A

Clostridium botulinum

152
Q

What diseases are caused by clostridium botulinum?

A

foodborne botulism, infant botulism, wound botulism

153
Q

What is this:

prevents release of neurotransmitter acetylchline (flacid paralysis)

A

botulinum toxin

154
Q

What is this:

intoxication via contaminatd food

A

foodborne botulism

155
Q

What is this:

neurotoxin produced in vivo following colonization of infant GI tract-honey

A

infant botulism

156
Q

What is this:

toxemia following wound infection

A

wound botulism

157
Q

Infected pressure sores were observed on the buttock of an elderly, bedridden patient recently treated for malignancy of the rectum. Some of the lesions are conspicuously necrotic, exceptionally painful to the touch and give off a musty sweet odor. A gram stain of the watery discharge from one of the lesions reveals an abundance of bacteria (see below). What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

clostridial gas gangrene

158
Q

What is this:
spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive rod. Colonized human GI tract; spores common in hospital rooms and other health care settings
two toxins: enterotoxin and cytotoxin.
Diagnosed by detection of toxins in patient feces

A

Clostridium difficile

159
Q

What diseases are cause by Clostridium difficile?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

160
Q

WHen do you get pseudomembranous colitis with colistridium difficile?

A

you get it after use of broad spectrium antibiotics. Relapse is common cuz antibiotics dont kill spores

161
Q

What is this:
anaeroic, gram positive branching rod
infection endogenous (poor oral hygiene, dental work)
sulfar granules (large yellow or orange masses of filamentous organisms at sites of infection)

A

Actinomyces israelli

162
Q

What diseases does Actinomyces israelli cause?

A

oral-cervicofacial infection

other sites too, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, CNS

163
Q

What is this:
small, anaerobic, gram positive rods, common on skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, produces many products that stimulate local inflammation

A

Proprionibacterium acnes

164
Q

What diseases are caused by Propionibacterium acnes?

A

acne vulgaris-stimulates inflammatory response
AND
opportunistic infections in patients with prosthetic devices or IV devices

165
Q

What is this:

anaerobic, pleomorphic, gram-negative rods. Colonize human upper respiratory tract, GI tract and genitourinary tract

A

Bacterioides fragilis

166
Q

What diseases does bacterioides fragilis cause?

A 
head and neck infection
intra-abdominal infection
gynecologic infection
skin and soft tissue infection
bacteremia
167
Q

What are all the anaerobic bacteria?

A 
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Actinomyces israelii
Propionibacterium acnes
Bacterioides fragilis
168
Q

What is this:
acid-fast, aerobic rods, cell wall rich in lipids, slow growth -16-20 h doubling time. Intracellular pathogen-grows in un-activated macrophage. Disease due to host response. MDR-TB multiple drug resistance.

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

169
Q

What disease does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?

A

tuberculosis
most infections asymtpomatic and latent (skin test)
pulmonary
extrapulmonary (pleura, CNS, genitourinary system)

170
Q

What is this:
acid-fast, aeroic rods; cell wall rich in lipids
obligate intracellular pathogen; no culture
disease due to host response

A

Mycobacterium leprae

171
Q

What diseases are caused by mycobacterium leprae?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

Lepromatou leprosy

172
Q

What kind of leprosy is this:
strong cellular immune response
relatively few bacteria

A

tuberculoid leprosy

173
Q

What kind of leprosy is this:
-strong antibody response but defect in cellular response
abundant bacteria-most infectious form

A

Lepromatous leprosy

174
Q

What is this:
acid-fast, aerobic rods; cell wall rich in lipids
two species, M. avium and M. intracellulare
common in soil and water; acquired via ingestion of contaminated water or food

A

Mycobacterium avium complex

175
Q

What diseases are caused by Mycobacterium avium complex?

A
  • asymptomatic colonization
  • chronic localization pulmonary disease
  • disseminated disease- AIDS patients
176
Q

What is this:
gram-positive rods with filamentous forms that resemble hyphae; weakly acid fast
ubiquitous in soil rich with organic matter
serious disease in immunocompromised patients

A

Nocardia spp.

177
Q

What diseases are caused by Nocardia spp.?

A 
bronchopulmonary disease
lymphocutaneous disease (may progress to mycetoma)
brain abscess (in immunocompromised patients)
178
Q

A homeless man who is known to be HIV positive presents with a productive cough, periods of shaking chills, fever and night sweats. An acid-fast stain of sputum is shown in the photograph. A tuberculin skin test was negative. What is the most likely etiologic agent?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

179
Q

What are the acid fast bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium avium complex
Nocardia spp.

180
Q

What is this:

  • spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
  • humans only natural host
  • cannot be cultured; darkfield microscopy of primary lesion
  • serology used fro diagnosis in secondary and late stages
A

Treponema pallidum

181
Q

What diseases can Treponema pallidum cause?

A 
primary syphilis
secondary syphilis
latent
tertiary (late) syphilis
congenital syphilis
182
Q

What kind of syphilis is this:

painless chancre at site of inoculation

A

primary syphilis

183
Q

What kind of syphilis is this:

disseminated disease; rash

A

secondary syphilis

184
Q

What kind of syphilis is this:

asymptomatic; serological evidence of infection

A

latent syphilis

185
Q

What kind of syphilis is this:

destruction of multiple organs

A

tertiary (late) syphilis

186
Q

What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative-like cell wall; stain poorly. Zoonotic; leading vector-borne disease in U.S.
Reservoir- mice (larval form of vector) and deer (adult form)
Vector- Hard-shelled ticks; larval/nymph form (mouse host) accounts for 90% of human disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

187
Q

What diseases are caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Lyme disease

188
Q

What are the signs of Lyme disease?

A

initial circular “bull’s eye” skin lesion-erythema migrans

systemic signs-arthritis, neurologic, cardiac

189
Q

What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
relapses because bacterium varies expression of lipoprotein coat to escape immune surveillance

A

Borrelia- relapsing fever

190
Q

What diseases are caused by Borrelia?

A

endemic relapsing fever

epidemic relapsing fever

191
Q 
What is this:
worldwide and western U.S. 
several borrelia sp. 
Resevoir- rodents and small mammals
vector-soft ticks
A

Endemic relapsing fever

192
Q

What is this:
regions of Africa - B. recurrentis
resevoir-man
vector–human body louse

A

Epidemic relapsing fever

193
Q

What is this:
spirochete with gram-negative like cell wall
zoonotic-rodents, dogs, farm animals, wild animals
infection via contact with water, food, or soil contaminated with urine from infected animal

A

Leptospira interrogans

194
Q

What diseases does leptospira interrogans cause?

A

leptospirosis

195
Q

What is this:
most disease is mild, influenzae-like syndrome
systemic disease presents as aseptic meningitis

A

Leptospirosis

196
Q

What syndrome is this and what is it caused by:

overwhelming disease; vascular collapse, hepatic disease with jaundice and renal dysfunction

A

Weil syndrome caused by leptospira interrogans

197
Q

What are the spirochete bacteria?

A

Treponem pallidum
Borrelia burgdorefi
Borrelia (relapsing fever)
Leptospira interrogans

198
Q

What is this:
smalles free-living bacterium; lacks cell wall; membrane contains sterols from host serum
strictly human pathogen; transmission via aerosol droplet

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

199
Q

How do you treat Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

macrolides (azithromycin) r quinolones

200
Q

What diseases does Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A
  • Tracheobronchitis and pharyngitis
  • Atypical (walking) pneumonia
  • Other species may produce disease (M. genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum)
201
Q

What is this:
small forms similiar to gram-negative rods
obligate intracellular parasites-endothelial cells-> vasculitis
hard ticks are both reservoir and vector
Weil-Felix agglutination-test for Ab, low sensitivity and specificity

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

202
Q

What diseases does rickettsia rickettsii cause?

A

Rock mountain spotted fever

Endemic typhus

203
Q

What is this:

fever, headache, malise, myalgias, nause; macuar rash with centripetal spread (hands and feet, spreading to trunk)

A

rock mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia rickettsii

204
Q

How is R. prowazekki caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?

A

via lice and causes epidemic typhus

205
Q

How is R. typhi caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?

A

via fleas and causes endemic typhus

206
Q

How is Orientia tsutsugamushi caused by Rickettsia rickettssi transmitted?

A

via fleas and causes scrub typhus

207
Q

What is this:
small forms with cell wall similiar to gram-negative bacteria. Obligate intracellular parasite-cytoplasmic vacuoles of hematopoietic ces
zoonotic-reservoirs include deer, mice, voles, and canines
Vector-ticks

A

Ehrlicha and anaplasma spp.

208
Q

What diseases does Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp cause?

A

human monocytic ehrlichiosis (E. chaffeensis)

human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (A. phagocytophilum)

209
Q

A 40-year-old man presented with a rubeola-like rash on the extremities, chills, fever, myalgia, and malaise 5 days after returning from a June fishing trip in Arkansas. A history of tick bites is noted and Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is suspected. What is the etiologic agent?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

210
Q

What is this:
small gram-negative, “spore”-forming bacterium; obligate intracellular growth
zoonotic-cattle, sheep, goats, dogs and cats
Infection due to inhalation or unpasteurized milk
extreme environmental stability

A

Coxiell burnetii

211
Q

What diseases are caused by Coxiella burnetii?

A

acute disease-pneumonia, hepatitis, fever
chronic disease- inflammation of heart (endocarditis)
biothreat

212
Q

What is this:
small gram-negative rods with no peptidoglycan layer
obligate intracellular parasites
two forms: infectious elementary bodies and non-infectious reticulate bodies

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

213
Q

How do you treat Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

azithromycin or doxycycline

214
Q

What diseases are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?

A

urogenital (urethritis, PID, most common STD in U.S)
Trachoma
Lymphogranuloma venereum

215
Q

What is the most common STD in US?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

216
Q

What is the most important global infectious cause of blindness?

A

trachoma caused by chlamydia trachomatis

217
Q

What is an STD that is a primary lesion extending to lymphatics and lymph nodes?

A

lymphogranuloma Venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

218
Q

What is this:

general properites of C. trachomatis

A

chlamydophilia

219
Q

What diseases does chlamydphila spp. cause?

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

Chlamydophila psittaci

220
Q

What is this:
respiratory infection-sinusitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia
possibe role in atherosclerosis

A

Chlamydophila pneumoniae caused by chlamydophila spp.

221
Q

What is this:
Psittacosis (parrot fever)
respiratory infection with spread to RES cells of liver and spleen
Ornithosis-birds are natural reservoir

A

Chlmydophila psittaci caused by chlamydophila sp.

222
Q

A 47-year-old woman in India is becoming blind due to repeated infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. What is seen in the pus draining from her eyes when stained by immunofluorescence?

A

Elementary bodies

Block 6 Week 3 (5 decks)

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