Survey: Context, Powers and Contact

Question 1

Kush, Nubia

Civilisations (Middle Kingdom)

Answer 1

The Middle Kingdom was characterised by heavy and consistent trade with Nubia and Nubian Kingdom, Kush (prosperity!)

12th Dynasty pharaohs constructed fortresses as cataracts to protect against Kush, but 13th Dynasty pharaohs did not upkeep the forts and they turned into permanent settlements. In 1720BCE, unified Egypt collapsed and ended support for the forts

By 1650BCE, all of Lower Nubia peacefully accepted Upper Nubian takeover.

Question 2

Hyksos

Civilisations (Second Intermediate)

Answer 2

A small group of West-Asian individuals who occupied Northern Egypt in the 15th century.

They were famous for:

• Metal technology (could make bronze)
• Military (chariots with spoked wheels, helmets, armour etc.)
• Composite bow

Question 3

Hyksos Written Source

Josephus quoting Manetho

Answer 3

“east men of despicable ethnicity marched boldly against the land and seizing it by overwhelming force”

“savagely burned the city”

“They treated all the inhabitants most hatefully, slaguhtering some”

Question 4

Hyksos and Kush VS Thebes

Event

Answer 4

The Theban Dynasty (“real” Egyptians) was subordinate to the Hyksos, sandwiched between Hyksos and Nubians.

Kush (Nubia) and Hyksos formed an alliance, and Thebes built up an army to attack before Kush+Hyksos could attack them.

The Thebans atempted to expel the Hyksos from Egypt.

Question 5

Seqenenre II

Significant Person (17th Dynasty) + Source

Answer 5

The mummy head has several punctures and cracks, fatal wound he apparently sustained in the battle with the Hyksos.

Question 6

Ahmose I

Significant Person (18th Dynasty)

Answer 6

Son of Seqenenre II

• First king of the 18th Dynasty, who finally kicks the Hyksos out of Avaris and Egypt. They pursue them across the Sinai Penninsula into Canaan.
• He also has several campaigns in Nubia and married his sister, Ahmose Nefertari.

Question 7

Amenhotep I

Significant Person (18th Dynasty)

Answer 7

Son of Ahmose I

• Also had several campaigns in Nubia.
• He declared Memphis as the political capital and Thebes as the religious capital.
• First pharaoh buried in the Valley of the Kings.

Question 8

Thutmosis I

Significant Person (18th Dynasty)

Answer 8

NOT related to Amenhotep by blood (married into royalty)

• Began campaigns in the south against Nubia before moving north against Subia
• Extensive work on the Temple of Amun at Karnak

Question 9

Thutmosis II

Significant Person (18th Dynasty)

Answer 9

Son of Thutmosis I

• Married his half-sister, Hatshepsut

Question 10

Hatshepsut

Answer 10

Daughter of Thutmosis I, Half-Sister and Wife of Thutmose II

• Originally named regent of nephew, Thutmose III, but then takes the throne and becomes the first female pharaoh

Question 11

Deir el Bahari

Archaeological Source (Hatshepsut)

Answer 11

The funerary temple for Hatshepsut.

[insert analysis]

Question 12

Amenhotep III

Significant Person (18th Dynasty)

Answer 12

• Mighty warrior and provider
• Worshipped Amun, god of Thebes and provided much wealth to the Amun priesthood
• Prolific builder who transformed Thebes with new statues, temples and palaces

Question 13

Statue of Amenhotep III and Tiye

Archaeological Source (18th Dynasty)

Answer 13

• Very big statue → power of royalty
• Amenhotep and Tiye are the same size → queens were consdered equal in power to their kings

Question 14

Portrait Head of Tiye

Archaeological Source (18th Dynasty)

Answer 14

Currently in the Egyptian Museum, Cairo

• Wearing a crown of two feathers, which is often worn by the gods Amun, Min and Montu