SURGICAL ONCOLOGY

Question 1

phases of the cell cycle
________ - growth before DNA synthesis
________-where DNA synthesis occurs
________ - growth before mitosis occurs
________ - 2 daughter cells with identical genetic material is produced

Answer 1

G1
S
G2
M

Question 2

2 steps of gene expression

___________ = mRNA copies a code from the DNA
___________= code is translated and used to create a protein

Answer 2

transcription
translation

Question 3

property of cell to give rise to tumor when present to injected into an organism

Answer 3

tumorgenesis

Question 4

defined as previously normal cellular genes that are altered, mutated and become abnormal which contribute to cancer formation

Answer 4

oncogenes

Question 5

2 pathways of apoptosis

___________= growth factors to survival signals that inactivates proapoptotic proteins

___________=TNF 1 ligand receptor binding signals the initiator caspases

Answer 5

mitochondrial pathway
death receptor pathway

Question 6

mechanism for the delivery of cellular material for lysosome degredation

Answer 6

autophagy

Question 7

autophagy

double edged effect that is investigated for therapeutic purposes
______ = inhibitor of autophagy

Answer 7

chloroquin

Question 8

cancer invasion

_________ = attachment glycoproteins
also relays signals from environment for cell survival, gene proliferation, gene transcription, and migration

Answer 8

integrins

Question 9

establishment of new blood vessels from existing vascular bed

Answer 9

angiogenesis

Question 10

cancer genomics
_________= inherited from the parents of the offspring
_________= accumulated alteration in the gene of an individual

Answer 10

germline mutation
somatic mutation

Question 11

cancer genomics

most common gene mutation

Answer 11

protein kinases

Question 12

common hereditary cancer syndromes

1st tumor suppressor gene to be clonded

Rb protein is a regulator of transcription that controls the cell cycle differentiation and apoptosis

Answer 12

RB1 gene
Retinoblastoma

Question 13

common hereditary cancer syndromes

clustering malignancies of early breast CA, sarcoma, brain tumors, adrenocortical tumor, and leukemia

Answer 13

Li Fraumeni Syndrome

Question 14

common hereditary cancer syndromes
BRACA1, BRCA2: Breast ovarian cancer

87% risk factor for breast and 44% for ovarian by age 70

Answer 14

BRCA1 carrier

Question 15

chemical carcinogens

classification by IARC
_____________: proven to be human carcinogens
_____________: probable human carcinogens suggestive epidemiologic evidence but lacking to establish casualty
_____________: possible carcinogens; associated with statistically and biologically significant increase in malignant tumors

Answer 15

GROUP 1
GROUP 2A
GROUP 2B

Question 16

________ are under investigation to allow early diagnosis of cancer, follow up response to treatment or monitor for recurrence of disease

many tumor markers have low sensitivity and specificity

Answer 16

SERUM MARKERS

Question 17

serum markers

is an androgen related serine protease produced by prostate epithelium

Answer 17

PSA

Question 18

serum markers

glycoprotein found in the embryonic endodermal epithelium

Answer 18

CEA

Question 19

serum markers

glycoprotein normally produced by a developing fetus

Answer 19

AFP

Question 20

serum markers

epitope of a large membrane glycoprotein that tumor cells shed into the bloodstream

most useful in following up the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer

Answer 20

CANCER ANTIGEN 15-3

Question 21

levels of lymph node dissection
_____ = removal of lymph nodes surrounding the organ
_____ = removal of lymph nodes in along the main blood supply of the tumor
_____ = removal of the lymph nodes associated with adjacent organs

Answer 21

D1
D2
D3

Question 22

cancer prevention

chemoprevention
_________= breast cancer
_________= polyp formation

Answer 22

tamoxifen
celecoxib