SURGICAL ONCOLOGY Flashcards
phases of the cell cycle
________ - growth before DNA synthesis
________-where DNA synthesis occurs
________ - growth before mitosis occurs
________ - 2 daughter cells with identical genetic material is produced
G1
S
G2
M
2 steps of gene expression
___________ = mRNA copies a code from the DNA
___________= code is translated and used to create a protein
transcription
translation
property of cell to give rise to tumor when present to injected into an organism
tumorgenesis
defined as previously normal cellular genes that are altered, mutated and become abnormal which contribute to cancer formation
oncogenes
2 pathways of apoptosis
___________= growth factors to survival signals that inactivates proapoptotic proteins
___________=TNF 1 ligand receptor binding signals the initiator caspases
mitochondrial pathway
death receptor pathway
mechanism for the delivery of cellular material for lysosome degredation
autophagy
autophagy
double edged effect that is investigated for therapeutic purposes
______ = inhibitor of autophagy
chloroquin
cancer invasion
_________ = attachment glycoproteins
also relays signals from environment for cell survival, gene proliferation, gene transcription, and migration
integrins
establishment of new blood vessels from existing vascular bed
angiogenesis
cancer genomics
_________= inherited from the parents of the offspring
_________= accumulated alteration in the gene of an individual
germline mutation
somatic mutation
cancer genomics
most common gene mutation
protein kinases
common hereditary cancer syndromes
1st tumor suppressor gene to be clonded
Rb protein is a regulator of transcription that controls the cell cycle differentiation and apoptosis
RB1 gene
Retinoblastoma
common hereditary cancer syndromes
clustering malignancies of early breast CA, sarcoma, brain tumors, adrenocortical tumor, and leukemia
Li Fraumeni Syndrome
common hereditary cancer syndromes
BRACA1, BRCA2: Breast ovarian cancer
87% risk factor for breast and 44% for ovarian by age 70
BRCA1 carrier
chemical carcinogens
classification by IARC
_____________: proven to be human carcinogens
_____________: probable human carcinogens suggestive epidemiologic evidence but lacking to establish casualty
_____________: possible carcinogens; associated with statistically and biologically significant increase in malignant tumors
GROUP 1
GROUP 2A
GROUP 2B
________ are under investigation to allow early diagnosis of cancer, follow up response to treatment or monitor for recurrence of disease
many tumor markers have low sensitivity and specificity
SERUM MARKERS
serum markers
is an androgen related serine protease produced by prostate epithelium
PSA
serum markers
glycoprotein found in the embryonic endodermal epithelium
CEA
serum markers
glycoprotein normally produced by a developing fetus
AFP
serum markers
epitope of a large membrane glycoprotein that tumor cells shed into the bloodstream
most useful in following up the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer
CANCER ANTIGEN 15-3
levels of lymph node dissection
_____ = removal of lymph nodes surrounding the organ
_____ = removal of lymph nodes in along the main blood supply of the tumor
_____ = removal of the lymph nodes associated with adjacent organs
D1
D2
D3
cancer prevention
chemoprevention
_________= breast cancer
_________= polyp formation
tamoxifen
celecoxib
