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surgical conditions Flashcards

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Sight Words (Ages 4-6) flashcards UMT for Kids flashcards
1
Q

non-modifiable risk factors for fractures?

A

increasing age, osteogenesis imperfecta, malabsorption of vit D and calcium

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2
Q

modifiable risk factors for fractures?

A

low vit D, alc, smoking, glucocorticoid use (increases Ca renal excretion)

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3
Q

types of fractures

A
  1. open/ close
  2. greenstick
  3. impacted/ buckled
  4. comminuted
  5. spiral
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4
Q

recovery phases for fractures

A
  1. inflammatory phase
  2. reparative phase
  3. remodelling phase
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5
Q

what happens in the reparative phase?

A

callus is formed by osteoblasts

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6
Q

what happens in the remodelling phase?

A

callus is replaced with bone

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7
Q

complications of fractures?

A
  1. compartment syndrome (swelling & bleeding results in increased pressure under the skin, decreasing blood flow to tissues, resulting in tissue necrosis)
  2. fat embolism for long bone fractures, which can result in pulmonary embolism
  3. immobilised pts - pressure injury & DVT
  4. hypovolemic shock (due to loss of blood)
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8
Q

what are the 3 types of healing abnormalities?

A
  1. malunion (inadequately aligned)
  2. delayed union (more time needed)
  3. nonunion (failure to align)
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9
Q

treatment for fractures?

A

open/ close reduction (alignment)

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10
Q

nursing mgmt for fractures?

A

circulatory motor sensory CMS check every 2h, limb elevation, analgesics and/ or ice packs for pain

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11
Q

risk factors for cleft lip/ palate?

A

FACE
Folate deficiency
Advanced maternal age
antiConvulsants & steroids
Exposure to teratogens & maternal infections

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12
Q

cause of cleft lip/ palate?

A

mutation of a gene

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13
Q

complications of cleft lip/ palate?

A

feeding (weight loss/ failure to thrive), speech, otitis media (ear inflammation)

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14
Q

treatment of cleft lip/ palate?

A

cheiloplasty (3-6 mths)
palatoplasty (6-12 mths)

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15
Q

nursing mgmt for cleft lip/ palate pts?

A

NBM/ NGT, elbow restraints for 10 days, logan bow, keeping incision site clean and washed, upright position after eating

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16
Q

what is hirschsprung disease?

A

neuron ganglia of a segment of the colon is missing, resulting in build-up of stool in the LI and hence, constipation.

17
Q

complications of HD?

A

excessive constipation results in massive colon dilation, and megacolon which can rupture

18
Q

clinical manifestations of HD?

A
  1. infant fails to pass 1st stool meconium
  2. bilious vomiting
  3. failure to gain weight
  4. constipation
  5. refusal to eat
19
Q

diagnosis of HD?

A
  1. digitial rectal exam results in explosive gas/ diarrhoea (squirt/ blast sign)
  2. rectal biopsy show absence of ganglion cells to cfm diagnosis
  3. abdominal x-ray (colon filled with stool seen)
  4. anorectal manometry (assess muscles, fx and pressure in anus; lack of relaxation of internal sphincter muscle seen)
20
Q

non-surgical intervention of HD?

A

stool softeners, rectal irrigation to help with constipation

21
Q

what is the surgical intervention of HD called?

A

colostomy, resection of aganglionic segment of colon

22
Q

what to watch out for colostomy pts?

A

colostomy site care, rosy red/ pink stoma intact, clean and well above skin surface, will be on for a few months

23
Q

what to watch out for non-colostomy pts?

A

will have a lot of diarrhoea initially

24
Q

what to watch out for HD pts who resection of colon?

A

anus may need to be gently dilated/ stretched for several weeks

25
Q

what is pyloric stenosis?

A

pylorus doubles in size and narrows

26
Q

clinical manifestations of pyloric stenosis?

A
  1. olive-shaped mass at epigastrium, above umbilicus
  2. non-bilious projectile vomiting
  3. excessive hunger
  4. irritable, fussy mood
  5. visible peristaltic waves
27
Q

complications for pyloric stenosis?

A

build-up of food causes gastric distention, resulting in vomiting. alkalosis due to loss of stomach acid and in the long run, weight loss and failure to thrive

28
Q

treatment for pyloric stenosis?

A

pyloromyotomy where pylorus is cut and separated

29
Q

nursing mgmt for pyloric stenosis?

A

it is normal to vomit after a few days post op 1-2 days

30
Q

what is the pain assessment scale for infants?

A

FLACC face, legs, activity, cry, consolability scale

31
Q

cause of PS?

A

unknown

32
Q

risk factors for PS?

A

1st born male

children's (2 decks)

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