Surgery Lecture Final Flashcards
Pain results when nerve cells in the skin or deep tissues detect _____ _____
Noxious stimulus
Nerve cells in the skin or deep tissues are called?
Nociceptors
Sensory neurons are located in the ____ _____
Peripheral tissue
What are the chemicals in the CNS are similar to morphine released by neurons?
These chemicals bind to opioid receptors and provide some analgesia
Beta endorphin
Leu-enkephalin
Dynorphinare
What is the principle of analgesia?
Preemptive use
What does tapering dosages of steroids prevent?
Cushings (iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism)
What type of glucocorticoids are short acting (<12 hours)
Hydrocortisone
Cortisone
What type of glucocortocoids are intermediate acting (12-36 hours)?
Prednisone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone, Methylprednisone
What type of glucocortoids are long acting (>48 hours)?
Dexamethasone, Betamethasone, Flumethazone
What is normally present in the stomach mucosa and helps reduce gastric acid secretion and promote mucus production?
Prostacyclin
Surgical removal of all or part of an organ
-ectomy
An incision made into an organ or portion of a body
-otomy
term for reconstruction
-plasty
term for creating a permanent opening
-ostomy
What is a celiotomy?
Opening of the abdominal cavity
Ventral midline is most common approach
At what age can spays be done safely?
8 weeks (some clinics wait until 4 months)
What type of suture is used for spays?
Absorbable suture = PDS
What does the 3 layer closure for spays include?
Linea alba, SQ, subcuticular
What is the primary indication for C-section?
dystocia
What is the secondary indication for C-section?
To prevent dystocia and ensure healthier offspring
Stage of labor that can last 6-12 hours, includes nesting and begins at onset of contractions
Stage 1
What stage of labor can bull dogs not achieve?
Stage 2
Stage of labor that includes full dilation, fetus entry into birth canal, can last up to 4 hours for first fetus and 2-3 hours for subsequent fetuses.
Stage 2
Stage of labor that includes the passage of placenta (sometimes eaten by mother)
Stage 3
What is closed castration?
When tuinic is not incised and the spermatic cord and testicular blood vessels are ligated together
What is open castration?
When the tunic is opened and the spermatic cord and testicular blood vessels are ligated separately
What are two main post operative considerations for castration?
Bleeding or scrotal hematoma and self inflicted trauma
What is an en bloc resection?
Removal of entire uterus with the fetuses inside
Who is responsible for neonates in the surgery room?
Circulating nurse
_______ ______ open the uterus and remove fetuses if they are deemed viable
Non-sterile personnel
What can be given to neonates for slow HR?
Dilute Atropine
Linear foreign bodies are ____ or ____
string or thread
What do linear FB’s cause?
Plication of intestines (pleating of)
Linear FB’s are more common in ___ and may be attached under the tongue
cats
Gastrotomies may be done to perform a full ____ ____
thickness biopsy
Tricobezoars (hairballs) may be dissolved with _____ _____
Pineapple juice
What is the most common sign of FBs?
Vomiting
What are gastric FB’s diagnosed by?
Radiographs, contrast studies, ultrasound
What may be used instead of surgery for FBs?
Endoscopy
Endoscopy is less invasive than abdominal surgery but still requires _____
anesthesia
How is patient prepped for FB surgeries?
Clip from above xiphoid to pubis
Where is the incision made for FB’s?
Between lesser and greater curvature of the stomach
What suture is used to close gastrotomies?
2-0 or 3-0
What is an enterotomy?
Incision into the intestines
FB’s are also referred to as an intestinal obstruction and may be _____ or _____ obstruction
partial or complete
Which form of intestinal foreign bodies cause worse symptoms?
Complete obstruction
What are the pre-op diagnostics?
CBC and full panel with electrolytes
What special instruments are used for intestinal FB’s and why are they used?
Doyen Intestinal forceps, they are atraumatic to intestines and will not damage blood supply, keep intestinal contents from leaking out
What procedure requires you to “milk” intestinal contents away in both directions?
Enterotomy for FB
What type of sutures are used for enterotomy?
Monofilament absorabable
What is anastamosis?
The excision of a segment of bowel followed by connecting the remaining free ends
What diagnostic test is used for intestinal resection and anastamosis if peritonitis is suspected?
Abdominocentesis
For internal resection and anastomosis surgeries, ______ forceps are used to clamp diseased tissue, while ______ forceps are used to clamp healthy bowel.
Carmalt- diseased tissue
Doyen- Healthy bowel
After intestinal transection is complete, the ends are sutured with ______ _____ suture
Monofilament absorbable
What suture size/needle is used for intestinal resection?
3-0, 4-0 on a taper needle
What suture pattern is used for intestinal resection?
Interrupted pattern
Where should sutures start for intestinal resection?
anti-mesenteric border and then mesenteric
What is the supportive care for intestinal resection?
Fluids, anti-inflammatory, antibiotics
What is essential for recovery from intestinal resection/anastamosis?
Nutritional support
Signs of GDV (4 signs)
Abdominal distension
Hyper salivation
Dry heaving, no vomit, only phlegm
Abdominal pain
What is an onchyectomy?
Removal of third phalange
What is Modified Zepp?
Lateral Ear Canal Resection involving the removal of lateral wall of vertical canal
What is TECA?
Total Ear Canal Ablation
TECA is removal of entire ear canal: ______ and _____
Lateral and horizontal
What is the Hotz-Celsus procedure?
Excisiton of crescent shaped section of skin and muscle from the affected portion of the eyelid
Why is removal of the gland of the third eyelid controversial?
Removal causes KCS
What is the Morgan Pocket Technique?
Creates a conjunctival pocket where the third eyelid is secured
Canine eyelid masses are usually _____ whereas feline eyelid masses are usually ______
Canine- benign
Feline- malignant
Protrusion of tissue from its normal cavity through a congenital or acquired defect in the wall of that cavity
Hernia
What are the three types of hernia?
Umbilical
Inguinal
Diaphragmatic
What does LASER stand for?
Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
Laser light wavelength and frequency determine what?
Color and interaction with target surface
What happens when laser hits target? (RAST)
Reflected
Absorbed
Scattered
Transmitted through tissues
What are the two types of lasers most commonly used?
CO2 laser
Diode laser
Where is ground electrode placed for electrocautery?
Skin surface
Elective orthopedic surgeries
Medial luxating patella
ACL Rupture
Femoral head osteotomies
Non-elective non-life threatening orthopedic surgeries
Dislocated hip
Open Fracture
Non-elective life-threatening surgeries
Skull fracture
Severe hemorrhage associated with fracture
What sling type is used for hips?
Ehmer sling
What type of sling is used for shoulder?
Velpeau
What are the 5 classifcation of fractures
(hint: BOLT-Re-Non)
- Bone location
- Open or Closed
- Location of fracture on bone
- Type of fracture
- Reducible/non-reducible
Physeal fractures are also referred to as?
Salter Harris Fractures
What are the 5 types of fractures?
(Hint: TOSCC)
Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Comminuted-Non reducible
Casts/splints are only applicable below the _____ and ____
Stifle and elbow
Forelimb amputation can be achieved at _____ or complete removal of _____
(Even if only the foot needs removed the entire limb is removed)
shoulder, or complete removal of scapula
Hindlimb amputation occurs at ____ ____ or midshaft of ____
hip joint or midshaft of femur
A distinctive forward movement called a “drawer” sign is present in most cases of what?
ACL rupture
What is TPLO?
Tibial Platuea Leveling Osteotomy
How often should surgical sites be monitored?
At least twice a day
