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Junior Surgery > Surgery Final > Flashcards

Surgery Final Flashcards

1
Q

The subjective portion of the soap is related to

A

The subjective physical exam findings- surgical wound, heart and lung sounds, appearance of masses

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2
Q

The objective portion of the soap is related to

A

The objective findings related to the problem- TPR, diagnostic test results, anything with a unit

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3
Q

The assessment portion of the soap is related to

A

Discussing differentials, progression, prognosis, and is when you explain why
Can change with the progression of the case

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4
Q

How much do the pain scales go up to in dogs and cats

A

Up to 20 in cats and up to 24 in dogs

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5
Q

What is normal on a capograph

A

35-45 mmHg

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6
Q

What do we want the MAP no lower than

A

60 mmHg

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7
Q

Which cells in the testes produce testosterone

A

Interstitial (leydig) cells

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8
Q

T/F neutering a cat can reduce the risk of prostatic disease

A

True

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9
Q

Is the parietal tunic opened in a closed castration

A

No

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10
Q

When you incise the parietal tunic what are you creating communication with

A

The peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

What is contained within the spermatic cord

A

The testicular artery, nerve, and pampiform plexus

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12
Q

T/F there is less risk of hemmorhage with a closed castration

A

False, hypothetically there is less risk with an open castration

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13
Q

What do you separate from each other in an open castration and tie in a knot

A

You separate the ductus deferens/cremaster from the vascular cord

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14
Q

T/F you close the incision in an open castration but keep it open in a closed castration in a cat

A

False, both procedures the incision is left open

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15
Q

Which cats are predisposed to cryptorchidism

A

Persians

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16
Q

Where can a cryptorchid testicle be

A

Prescrotal, inguinal, abdominal

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17
Q

T/F cryptorchidism patients have an increased risk of testicular neoplasia

A

True, especially dogs

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18
Q

If there is an abdominal cryptorchid testicle what can you use to find it

A

The ductus deferens or gubernaculum

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19
Q

T/F you can leave a cryptorchid testicle behind to be removed in the future

A

False

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20
Q

What anesthesia circuit did we use for our cats (or any patients </= 5 kg)

A

Non-rebreathing circuit

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21
Q

How is CO2 removed in a non-rebreathing circuit

A

Through washout

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22
Q

T/F there are no valves in a non-rebreathing circuit

A

True, so there is less resistance

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23
Q

Name 2 disadvantages of a non-rebreathing circuit

A

Waste more oxygen and inhalant
No heat conservation

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24
Q

What are the 6 steps to correctly leak check and anesthesia circuit

A
  1. Turn on oxygen
  2. cover end of circuit
  3. Close pop-off valve
  4. Fill rebreathing bag using either the oxygen flow meter or oxygen flush until it reaches 25 cmH2O
  5. Does it hold?
  6. Open pop-off valve
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25
Q

What type of anesthetic is ketamine

A

Dissociative

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26
Q

T/F ketamine causes muscle relaxation

A

False

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27
Q

What are some possible side effects of ketamine

A

Tachycardia, hypertension, apneustic breathing pattern

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28
Q

What 3 drugs did we give to induce anesthesia in the cat neuter

A

Ketamine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone

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29
Q

What type of drug is dexmedetomidine

A

Alpha 2 adrenergic receptor agonist

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30
Q

What does dexmedetomidine cause for anesthesia

A

Sedation and analgesia

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31
Q

What drug has 2 phases of cardiovascular effects- hypertension and bradycardia and hypotension and bradycardia

A

Dexmedetomidine

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32
Q

What type of drug is hydromorphone

A

A mu opioid receptor agonist

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33
Q

How does hydromorphone help with induction

A

It provides analgesia and sedation

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34
Q

What side effects can hydromorphone cause

A

Vomiting, bradycardia, hyperthermia, euphoria, defecation, panting

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35
Q

How does lidocaine work

A

Sodium channel blocker

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36
Q

How does carprofen work

A

It is a COX-2 preferential NSAID to provide postoperative analgesia, given SQ

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37
Q

With what type of protocol is the palpebral reflex maintained

A

Ketamine-based

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38
Q

The eyes are fixed central during anesthesia when

A

The animal is too light or too deep

39
Q

T/F hypothermia can impact incisional infection rates

A

True

40
Q

In cats the Doppler blood pressure value is between what types of pressures

A

Systolic and mean arterial pressures

41
Q

T/F Prostatic cysts, neoplasia, and abscesses all are related to being an intact male dog

A

False, neoplasia is not related to being intact but the others are

42
Q

Name the order of what you cut through if you were doing an open castration

A

Skin—> spermatic fascia—>parietal vaginal tunic—> vaginal cavity—> visceral vaginal tunic (below this is the epididymis but you don’t cut into that)

43
Q

In a dog neuter where is the incision

A

Pre-scrotal area

44
Q

In a cat neuter where is the incision made

A

Over each testis

45
Q

In the dog neuter how did we transfix the spermatic cord

A

3 clamp technique and 2 ligatures

46
Q

What are the advantages of a scrotal castration

A

Faster, less suture, maybe less hematoma, less self-trauma

47
Q

A dog has a scrotal hematoma after his neuter, what will you recommend to the owner to do

A

Ice pack the area in the initial 24 hours and then warm compress after 24 hours, limit his activity

48
Q

What are causes of scrotal hematomas

A

SubQ bleeders (mild)
Pedicle suture loosens (big)

49
Q

What are three ways to estimate the endotracheal size tube for your patient

A

Experience, palpate trachea, dog specific size chart (if not brachycephalic)

50
Q

Name 5 reasons we pre-med

A

Sedation for IV cath, anxiolytics, pre-emptive analgesia, decrease dose of induction drugs and maintenance drugs

51
Q

What type of drug is acepromazine and what is its mechanism of action for sedation

A

Phenothiazine and is a dopamine antagonist

52
Q

What does acepromazine do

A

Provides mild sedation, decrease induction and maintenance drugs, and is a antiemetic

53
Q

What are the side effects of acepromazine

A

Hypotension, hypothermia, decreased PCV

54
Q

What does Propofol work on

A

Acts on the GABAa receptor to decrease brain activity

55
Q

What are side effects of propofol

A

Apnea and hypotension

56
Q

After giving part of the dose of propofol (1/4 to 1/2) what should you assess

A

Ability to lift head
Palpebral reflex
Ability to open jaw
Do they attempt to swallow

57
Q

How do you measure for the ET tube (for length)

A

End of tube at thoracic inlet

58
Q

What are the side effects of Isoflurane

A

Hypoventilation, hypotension, hypothermia

59
Q

How do you calculate a drip rate for IV fluids

A

(Weight of patient x 5ml/kg/hr) x drops in drop set (15 or 60)

Take that answer and divide by 3600 to get drops per sec.

60
Q

What is SpO2

A

The saturation of hemoglobin that oxygen is bound to

61
Q

What affects the reading on pulse oximetry

A

Patient confirmation, temperature, and perfusion

62
Q

What does it mean if EtCO2 is high vs. low?

A

EtCO2 high is hypoventilation and low is hyperventilation

63
Q

What 4 things can a capnograph waveform tell you

A

ETT leaks, rebreathing of carbon dioxide, partial airway obstructions, spontaneous ventilation against a mechanical ventilator

64
Q

In a dog what type of pressure does a Doppler give you

A

Systolic

65
Q

What are treatment options for hypotension due to bradycardia

A

Anticholinergics- atropine, glycopyrrolate

66
Q

What are treatments for hypotension due to decreased contractility

A

Positive inotropes- Dobutamine, dopamine, norepinephrine
Reduce inhalant level

67
Q

T/F female cats are more likely to get mammary neoplasia if intact

A

True

68
Q

Is mammary cancer more likely to be malignant in dogs or cats

A

Cats

69
Q

Does is matter as much in cats compared to dogs when they get spayed and its relationship to developing mammary neoplasia

A

Not as much as in dogs, the risk increases slightly (cats spayed <6 months have a 91% reduction in risk vs. <1year 86% reduction in risk) but dogs there is a much larger change in risk if they are spayed before their first heat cycle vs. second vs. after 2.5 year of age

70
Q

What is the mainstay of treatment for feline mammary neoplasia

A

Radical mastectomy

71
Q

What is a weird mammary thing that young, intact cats get

A

Fibroadenomatous hyperplasia

72
Q

Can you get a pyometra if some of the uterus is left

A

No, you must have progesterone so to have a pyometra the animal is either intact and in diestrus or has ovarian remnant syndrome

73
Q

What are 3 things progesterone does which makes an animal more susceptible to a pyometra

A

Decreases uterine tone and bacterial clearance and increases uterine secretions

74
Q

Name 2 concurrent diseases (not isolated to the repro tract) that respond to spaying

A

Diabetes mellitus and idiopathic epilepsy

75
Q

What are 2 dependent conditions in the cat’s repro system that are treated by spaying

A

Vaginal hyperplasia and fibroadenomatous mammary hyperplasia

76
Q

Is malignant uterine neoplasia common

A

No

77
Q

Where do you make your incision in a cat spay

A

In the middle 1/3 between the umbilicus and pubis

78
Q

How are cats different than dogs in terms of spays

A

The ovary is visible and not hidden by an ovarian bursa in cats
The suspensory ligament isn’t as tight in cats
There is less fat in the broad ligament in cats

79
Q

How do you tear the suspensory ligament

A

Medial to lateral and as cranial as possible

80
Q

What is the holding layer for closure of the abdomen

A

The external rectus sheath

81
Q

Oh no you are having bleeding from a pedicle! What is your first step and what are the natural retractors you can use to get a better view

A

First extend your incision
The natural retractors are the mesoduodenum on the right side and the mesocolon on the left side

82
Q

T/F intubation in cats is a risk factor for mortality

A

True

83
Q

Why is intubation in cats more difficult than in dogs

A

They are prone to laryngospasm

84
Q

T/F in the treatment of canine mammary cancer, surgical removal isn’t usually part of treatment

A

False

85
Q

After what age does the incidence of canine mammary neoplasia vs. time of OHE not matter

A

After 2.5 years

86
Q

T/F spayed animals can still get uterine cancer

A

True

87
Q

What is it called when a sponge is left in the abdomen

A

Gossypiboma

88
Q

Where do you make the incision in a dog spay

A

In the cranial 1/3 between the umbilicus and pubic prominence

89
Q

Where are the ureters in a spayed dog

A

In the fat on either side of the uterus

90
Q

what are the 3 things we needed to do before we closed our dogs after the spay

A

Count our sponges, mop the gutters/check pedicles for bleeding, check ovaries to ensure complete removal

91
Q

Should you do a cytology of fluid from a potential seroma

A

No, you don’t want to introduce bacteria

92
Q

Which causes of swelling around an incision are reducible

A

Dehiscence and hernia

93
Q

How can you tell if an animal has a hemoabdomen

A

Do a PCV of the fluid from an abdominocentesis and compare to the peripheral blood

94
Q

How can you treat a seroma and what is it usually a result of

A

Warm compress, usually because of dead-space left during surgery

Junior Surgery (1 decks)

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